Effects of Cardiovascular Training on Fitness, Cardiovascular Health, Bone Health and Quality of Life in Individuals With Ankylosing Spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease, affecting primarily the spinal column and iliosacral joints. In addition, an increased risk for cardio-vascular disease and osteoporosis has been described in patients with AS. Patients with AS may suffer from severe impairment in physical functioning, i.e. spinal stiffness, pain and fatigue, which reduces their daily activities, and quality of life. As AS mainly affects young people, work capacity may be reduced, which, together with medical treatment costs, results in a considerable burden for the society.

Current treatment guidelines for AS (ASAS/EULAR 2006) propose drug treatment, mainly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and in severe cases inhibitors of TNF alpha. In addition, mobility exercise as the cornerstone of functional training is recommended in all patients with AS. The efficacy of mobility exercise was confirmed by the third update (2007, unpublished) of the Cochrane review regarding Physiotherapy in AS. However, the review also suggested that mobility exercises have no effect on important quality-of life related outcomes, such as pain, fatigue, or cardiovascular fitness.

Reduced physical activity due to pain, fatigue and reduced cardiovascular fitness may put patients with AS at increased risk for immobility-induced bone loss and vitamin D deficiency due to limited outdoor activities. Finally, both inactivity and vitamin D deficiency may contribute to the elevated risk for cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis in patients with AS.

Cardiovascular training may increase cardiovascular fitness, reduce pain and fatigue, and decrease bone loss. The intervention may also enhance vitamin D status by increasing the amount of physical activity performed outside. Vitamin D has been found to reduce bone loss and improve cardiovascular health.