A Novel Intervention for Training Auditory Attention in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Child Behavioral Assessment: Leiter-3

时间窗: 4-6 weeks

All participants will come back to the center after 4 weeks to complete post-test behavioral assessments, including Leiter-3. The Leiter-3 is a nonverbal intelligence assessment, and measures attention, activity level, mood regulation, organizational skills, anxiety, sociability, impulse control, energy \& feelings, and sensory reactivity. The range of composite scores is 30-170, and higher numbers indicate higher intelligence scores. The ranges encompass 'severe delay' to 'extremely high/gifted' so it can be used with persons of any ability.

Child Behavioral Assessment: ADOS

时间窗: 4-6 weeks

All participants will come back to the center after 4 weeks to complete post-test behavioral assessments, including ADOS (Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale). The ADOS measures autism signs and symptoms. The minimum and maximums range depending on the specific module used (ADOS is available in many modules, the appropriate module to use is selected by the expressive language ability of the participant), but in general, higher scores on the ADOS indicate more severe or widespread symptoms.

Child Behavioral Assessment: PPVT-5

时间窗: 4-6 weeks

All participants will come back to the center after 4 weeks to complete post-test behavioral assessments, including PPVT-4. The PPVT-4 (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) is a booklet containing pictures of commonly known items or objects, used to test receptive vocabulary, for example with verbal prompts such as "Which one is window?", or "Show me phone." The item is scored in terms of % correct responses, with a higher % correct indicating a bigger receptive vocabulary.

Child Behavioral Assessment: EVT-3

时间窗: 4-6 weeks

All participants will come back to the center after 4 weeks to complete post-test behavioral assessments, including EVT-2. EVT-2 is a measure of expressive vocabulary and word retrieval. It can be used to quickly assess expressive vocabulary without requiring reading or writing. Standard scores range from 20 to 160, encompassing 'extremely low' to 'extremely high' so it can be used with persons of any english language ability. Higher scores indicate higher expressive language ability.

Parent Questionnaire: SCQ

时间窗: 4-6 weeks

All participants will come back to the center after 4 weeks to have parents or caregivers complete post-test behavioral questionnaires, including the SCQ (Social Communication Questionnaire). The SCQ was designed to evaluate communication skills and social functioning in children who may have ASD, and consists of yes-or-no questions so that it can be completed quickly. Higher scores indicate more severe or widespread symptoms.

Parent Questionnaire: VABS-3

时间窗: 4-6 weeks

All participants will come back to the center after 4 weeks to have parents or caregivers complete post-test behavioral questionnaires, including the VABS-3 (Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales). The Vineland provides scores for adaptive behavior domains (Communication, Daily Living Skills, Socialization, Motor Skills and Maladaptive Skills), and is designed to assess ability for self-sufficiency based on its ability to measure personal skills needed for everyday life. For each subdomain, scores range from 1 to 24, and for total scores, the range is 20 to 140. In both cases, higher scores indicate a positive ability to use or employ an adaptive behavior in place of a personal weakness or difficulty, so a better ability to work around one's limitations.

Parent Questionnaire: RBS-R

时间窗: 4-6 weeks

All participants will come back to the center after 4 weeks to have parents or caregivers complete post-test behavioral questionnaires, including the RBS-R (Repetitive Behavior Scales, revised). The RBS-R provides a quantitative, continuous measure of the full spectrum of repetitive behaviors, consisting of six subscales (Stereotyped behavior, Self-Injurious behavior, Compulsive behavior, Routine behavior, Sameness behavior, and Restricted behavior). Each behavior listed within each subscale is scored on a scale of 0 to 3, where 0 means a behavior does not occur and 3 means a behavior is a severe problem. As such, for the total score, a higher score means more extreme repetitive behaviors.

Parent Questionnaire: SSP

时间窗: 4-6 weeks

All participants will come back to the center after 4 weeks to have parents or caregivers complete post-test behavioral questionnaires, including the SSP (Short Sensory Profile). The sensory profile is a measure of responses to sensory events in daily life. There are several sections, encompassing a range of sensory experiences (tactile, taste/smell, movement, seeks sensation, auditory filtering, low energy/weak, and visual/auditory sensitivity), and the total score ranges between 38 and 190, with 38 and other low numbers reflecting an extreme difference from typically developing peers, and 190 and other high numbers reflecting a similarity to typically developing peers.

Parent Questionnaire: CASI-5

时间窗: 4-6 weeks

All participants will come back to the center after 4 weeks to have parents or caregivers complete post-test behavioral questionnaires, including the CASI-5 (Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory). The CASI-5 is a behavior rating scale that assesses symptoms of a range of 15 different developmental, emotional, and behavioral disorders that can be used to assess any comorbidities a subject may display symptoms for. The scores (total range 0-100) are calculated depending on several factors, but in general, higher numbers indicate the presence of more symptoms (of any disorder) and lower numbers indicate fewer symptoms or less impairment.

Post-test EEG

时间窗: 4-6 weeks

All participants will come back to the center after 4 weeks to complete post-test EEG testing. Participants will wear an EEG net connected with elastic threads while listening to sound series designed to assess attention to distinctive sounds. During the task, investigators will assess waveforms alpha, beta, theta, gamma and delta to look for differences in auditory processing between first visit and post-test visit.