Diaphragmatic-Based Complementary Training in Basketball: The Science Behind Pre-Activation of Inspiratory Muscles - A Randomized Trial
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 发起方
- 入组人数
- 10
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Johnson Basketball Skill Test
研究概览
简要总结
The capacity of athletes to demonstrate their abilities to the fullest extent is contingent upon their physical fitness. Oxygen delivery and utilization become crucial during athletic pursuits, as muscle oxygen demand increases with exercise. The mechanical functioning of the respiratory system is largely dependent on the capacity of the respiratory muscles. For these reasons, inspiratory muscle pre-activation, which positively affects the efficiency of pulmonary circulation, increases the functional capacity of the respiratory muscles, reduces fatigue in the respiratory muscles, and plays a critical role in exercise physiology and athlete performance.
It has been demonstrated that inspiratory muscle exercises elicit a range of effects on performance. Studies show reductions in blood lactate levels among short-distance runners, thereby facilitating a positive enhancement in the post-performance recovery process, improve respiratory functions and both aerobic and anaerobic capacity in basketball players, positively affect performance in Olympic swimmers, increase performance in professional rowers and cyclists, enhance aerobic exercise performance in wheelchair basketball players, affect exercise performance in tennis players, increase performance in professional football players and handball players, affect shooting performance in archers, positively affect shot-hit performance in ice hockey players, and increase shot and drag-flick hit performance in hockey players. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of data concerning the impact of inspiratory muscle pre-activation on basketball performance. Many of these studies focus on longer-term training adaptations rather than a single short session of pre-activation.
The fundamental techniques of basketball can be classified into four main categories: passing, shooting, dribbling, and rebounding. Of these, shooting and passing are skills that require a high degree of accuracy in order to be performed effectively within the context of the game. A review of the literature reveals that training the inspiratory muscles is an effective method for improving athletic skills that require accuracy, as it enhances the stabilization of core muscles. However, the exact mechanism by which a brief inspiratory muscle pre-activation session might benefit precision-based movements remains under discussion. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine whether a diaphragmatic-based method to prepare inspiratory muscles could improve passing, dribbling, and shooting among basketball players. By evaluating its immediate impact on key basketball tasks, we aim to clarify the value of such exercises in routine training.
详细描述
Participants The study involved 10 healthy male participants, aged between 18 and 25 years (mean age: 21.1 ± 2.42 years), who were engaged in competitive basketball. In order to be included in the study, the basketball players had to be free of both chronic and acute upper respiratory tract infections, as well as any chest diseases. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki (52nd World Medical Association General Assembly, Edinburgh, Scotland, October 2000) and was approved by the Gaziantep University Social and Human Sciences Ethics Committee (approval number: 2023-2). Prior to the commencement of the study, informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Experimental design The study was designed according to a randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover structure. Following the initial interview, participants underwent a series of skill tests on four occasions throughout the course of the study, in accordance with established pre-activity steps. In the initial session, the participants were provided with general information about the research project. In addition to the measurement of age, height, and weight, an orientation session was conducted. In the subsequent four visits (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th visits), randomised trials were carried out, including a control trial (no inspiratory pre-activation), an inspiratory muscle pre-activation (IMpa) at 40% MIP, a placebo inspiratory muscle pre-activation (IMPpa) at 5% MIP, and a general warm-up (GW) specific to basketball. The intensity values (40% for IMpa and 5% for IMPpa) were selected based on prior research indicating that moderate loading can meaningfully engage inspiratory muscles, whereas near-minimal loading provides an effective placebo condition.Following the random selection of participants by means of a card-drawing method, the Johnson basketball skill test and the American Alliance For Health, Physical Education, Recreation And Dance (AAHPERD) speed shooting test were administered.
Procedures Inspiratory muscle pre-activation trial (IMpa) The Powerbreathe brand device was used to perform inspiratory muscle pre-activation. Two sets of 30 breaths were carried out at 40% of each participant's maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (MIP), with a one-minute rest in between. MIP was measured once at the first session, and that value determined 40% and 5% for IMpa and IMPpa, respectively, in later visits. Participants were seated, wearing a nose clip, instructed to exhale forcefully, then inhale forcefully against a closed airway for one to three seconds. Measurements were repeated until values within 5 cmH₂O of each other were obtained, recording the best result in cmH₂O.
Placebo inspiratory muscle pre-activation trial (IMPpa) The Powerbreathe brand inspiratory muscle warm-up device was employed to facilitate an exercise regimen comprising two sets of 30 breaths, performed at an intensity of 5% of the participants' maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (MIP), with a one-minute interval between sets. This minimal load was intended as a placebo-like condition for inspiratory muscle usage.
General warm-up protocol (GW) The participants engaged in a 10-minute jogging activity, which was followed by a 10-minute stretching exercise. Subsequently, the general warm-up protocol was completed with shooting drills tailored to the specific requirements of basketball, without inducing fatigue.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Crossover
- 主要目的
- Basic Science
- 盲法
- None
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 —（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- Male
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Basketball players had to be free of both chronic and acute upper respiratory tract infections, as well as any chest diseases.
- •Participants had to have no history of smoking or other habits that could impair respiratory function.
- •Participants had to provide written informed consent prior to the study.
排除标准
- •Participants with any history of cardiovascular, pulmonary, or neuromuscular disorders that could affect respiratory function.
- •Individuals who had undergone respiratory muscle training within the past six months.
- •Athletes with any current musculoskeletal injury that could interfere with performance tests.
- •Those who reported the use of medication affecting respiratory or neuromuscular function.
- •Participants who were unable to complete all testing sessions due to personal reasons or external factors.
研究组 & 干预措施
Inspiratory Muscle Pre Activation Group (IMpa)
The Powerbreathe brand device was used to perform inspiratory muscle pre-activation. Two sets of 30 breaths were carried out at 40% of each participant's maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (MIP), with a one-minute rest in between. MIP was measured once at the first session, and that value determined 40% and 5% for IMpa and IMPpa, respectively, in later visits. Participants were seated, wearing a nose clip, instructed to exhale forcefully, then inhale forcefully against a closed airway for one to three seconds. Measurements were repeated until values within 5 cmH₂O of each other were obtained, recording the best result in cmH₂O.
干预措施: Inspiratory muscle warm-up training (Device)
Inspiratory Muscle Placebo Pre Activation Group (IMPpa)
The Powerbreathe brand inspiratory muscle warm-up device was employed to facilitate an exercise regimen comprising two sets of 30 breaths, performed at an intensity of 5% of the participants' maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (MIP), with a one-minute interval between sets. This minimal load was intended as a placebo-like condition for inspiratory muscle usage.
干预措施: Placebo inspiratory muscle warm-up training (Device)
Control Group
No warm-up protocol was applied to the control group.
General Warm-up Group
The participants engaged in a 10-minute jogging activity, which was followed by a 10-minute stretching exercise. Subsequently, the general warm-up protocol was completed with shooting drills tailored to the specific requirements of basketball, without inducing fatigue.
干预措施: General Warm-up Protocol (Other)
结局指标
主要结局
Johnson Basketball Skill Test
时间窗: Measured immediately after each intervention session.
Shooting ability was assessed by recording the number of successful shots made within 30 seconds from a self-selected position near the basket (1 point per shot). Passing ability was evaluated using a one-handed baseball pass from 12 meters toward a target wall with three overlapping rectangles (smallest: 50×25 cm, middle: 1×0.6 m, largest: 1.5×1 m). Passes scored 3, 2, or 1 point based on accuracy. Dribbling ability was measured using four obstacles spaced 180 cm apart, with participants weaving through and returning to the start within 30 seconds. The score was based on the number of obstacles successfully navigated. The Johnson Basketball Skill Test provided passing, shooting, dribbling, and total skill scores.
AAHPERD Basketball Speed Shooting Test
时间窗: Measured immediately after each intervention session.
Participants began shooting from the designated starting zone, moving between five shooting zones while maintaining at least one foot within the zone. Missed shots allowed a layup attempt after rebounding, but consecutive layups were restricted (max: 4 per test). The test lasted 60 seconds, and points were awarded as follows: 2 points for successful shots or layups, 1 point for missed shots rebounding off the hoop, and no points for rule violations (e.g., traveling, carrying, line violations). The test concluded upon the "stop" signal.
次要结局
未报告次要终点
研究者
Burak Karaca
MSc. Burak KARACA
University of Gaziantep