Hepcidin and Anemia in Trauma

Anemia is common in trauma patients and is associated with a high rate of blood transfusion. The pathophysiology of this anemia is "anemia of inflammation" and develops via 3 mechanisms: impaired iron regulation, shortened red blood cell life span, and reduced rate of erythropoiesis. Once iron enters cells (enterocytes and macrophages), the iron export protein ferroportin controls egress. Hepcidin, a peptide made in the liver, is the key regulator of iron homeostasis. Hepcidin binds to ferroportin, leading to its ultimate degradation. Hepcidin reduces iron availability via 2 mechanisms: decreased absorption of iron across the GI tract and decreased release of iron from the reticuloendothelial system. It therefore induces a functional iron deficiency by shuttling iron into the macrophages and making it unavailable for erythropoiesis. Hepcidin is decreased by iron deficiency, most anemias, and tissue hypoxia. Hepcidin is upregulated by iron excess and inflammation. Hepcidin likely plays an important role in the acute inflammatory response that occurs with trauma. However, no studies have measured hepcidin in critically ill trauma patients. If serum hepcidin levels are elevated in trauma, this will confirm that inability to use existing iron stores is part of, if not key to, the anemia of trauma and critical illness. This has important implications since the use of blood transfusion for anemia treatment may further induce an inflammatory response with resultant suppression of native erythropoiesis.

The investigators hypothesize that hepcidin will be increased and erythropoietin decreased early after trauma and that resolution of anemia will not occur until late (28-31 days). By measuring time-dependent changes in hemoglobin, hepcidin, cytokine, and erythropoietin concentrations in trauma patients, the investigators can critically examine the inter-relationships to target potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment and amelioration of anemia in trauma and critical care.