Comparison Effect Between Lower Pressure and Standard Pressure Pneumoperitoneum on Sign of Acute Systemic Inflammation, Endothelial Injury, and Acute Kidney Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Living Donor Laparoscopic Nephrectomy

Approval from Ethical Committee of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia was acquired prior conducting the study. Subjects were given informed consent before enrolling the study and randomized into two groups. Intravenous (IV) cannula (18-20G) with Ringer Lactate fluid, non-invasive blood pressure monitor, electrocardiogram (ECG), ICON® monitor, hemodynamic monitor and pulse-oxymetry were set on the subjects in the operation room. Premedication with 2 mg IV midazolam and 1 mcg/kg IV fentanyl as premedication. General anesthesia induction was done by fentanyl 4 mcg/kg, propofol 1-2 mg/kg, and rocuronium 0,5 mg/kg. Maintenance was done by sevoflurane 1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), fentanyl and rocuronium with bupivacaine bolus 6ml every 90 minutes. Surgery starts with patient in lumbotomy position laterally, CO2 gas insufflated during the installment of laparoscopy probe until it reaches 10- 12 mmHg pressure. Laparoscopy targeted the pneumoperitoneum pressure until 8- 10 mmHg or 12- 14 mmHg depends on subject randomization. Surgery duration, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded. During surgery, blood sample for interleukin (IL)-6, Syndecan-1, sVGEF-R2, Occludin and KIM-1 urine were taken before the anesthesia induction as the baseline; 2 hours of gas insufflation intraoperatively; and 2 hours after gas desufflation. The measurement of renal artery and kidney lobe artery that undergo nephrectomy, will be measured by convex probe 3.5-5 megahertz (MHz) ultrasonography (USG) Logic 7-GE or Sonosite. The measurement of RI was done on the left kidney at the time: before the anesthesia induction as the baseline; 2 hours of gas insufflation intraoperatively; and 2 hours after gas desufflation on the remaining right kidney. All patients received bilateral Quadratus Lumborum (QL) block using bupivacaine 0.25% before extubation. Patient were extubated until fully conscious and can follow command verbally. Patient will be transported in recovery room post operation. Data was analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Scientist), for parametric unpaired data is using unpaired T-test or One way ANOVA test, ffor unpaired non parametric data using Mann Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis. Non Parametric continuous data using Wilcoxon's signed rank test or Friedman Test. Categorical data using Chi-square. For numerical data more than 1 measurement will be analysed using Comparative General Linear Model. Data normality was tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Significant value is p<0.05.