Association Between Smoking, Brain Activity, Genes, and ADHD
- Conditions
- Withdrawal NicotineSmokingADHD
- Interventions
- Behavioral: Cigarette smokingBehavioral: Abstinence
- Registration Number
- NCT00915798
- Lead Sponsor
- University of California, Irvine
- Brief Summary
The study investigated the underlying mechanisms of smoking in young adults by examining the associations between smoking, brain activity, dopamine genes, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
- Detailed Description
The study investigated the underlying mechanisms of smoking in young adults by examining the associations between smoking, brain activity, dopamine genes, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Four groups of young adults were recruited: (1) smokers with ADHD; (2) nonsmokers with ADHD; (3) normative control smokers; and (4) normative control nonsmokers. Smoking was assessed via questionnaires and salivary cotinine levels. Brain activity was examined via functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Each nonsmoker underwent an fMRI scan during an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems. Smokers underwent two fMRI scans during similar experimental tasks under the following two conditions: (1) after smoking a cigarette and (2) after overnight abstinence. The association between the DRD4-7 repeat allele and smoking was explored.
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- COMPLETED
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 89
-
Smokers with ADHD
- Cigarette smoking for the last year
- ADHD diagnosis
-
Nonsmokers with ADHD
- No history of regularly smoking cigarettes
- ADHD diagnosis
-
Normative control smokers
- Cigarette smoking for the last year
- No history and diagnosis of ADHD
-
Normative control nonsmokers
- No history of regularly smoking cigarettes
- No history and diagnosis of ADHD
- Children under the age of 18
- Adults above the age of 45
- Pregnancy or planning to become pregnant
- Any major medical illness
- Any mental disorders that require medication (except stimulant medication)
- Any contraindications to fMRI scanning
- Not speaking English
Study & Design
- Study Type
- OBSERVATIONAL
- Study Design
- Not specified
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description Smokers with ADHD Cigarette smoking Smokers with ADHD participated in one overnight abstinence condition (withdrawal) and one smoking condition (smoking the first cigarette of the morning). Nonsmokers with ADHD Abstinence Nonsmokers with ADHD participated in one condition. Control smokers Abstinence Control smokers participated in one overnight abstinence condition (withdrawal) and one smoking condition (smoking the first cigarette of the morning). Smokers with ADHD Abstinence Smokers with ADHD participated in one overnight abstinence condition (withdrawal) and one smoking condition (smoking the first cigarette of the morning). Control smokers Cigarette smoking Control smokers participated in one overnight abstinence condition (withdrawal) and one smoking condition (smoking the first cigarette of the morning). Control nonsmokers Abstinence Control nonsmokers participated in one condition.
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Brain Activity One MRI session for nonsmokers and two MRI sessions for smokers BOLD z-score of smokers with ADHD after abstinence/smoking a cigarette, control smokers after abstinence/smoking a cigarette, nonsmokers with ADHD, and control nonsmokers. All participants performed a mathematical task in the MRI scanner. Higher BOLD z-scores indicate greater brain activation.
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method DRD4 Genotype one time blood draw Salivary Cotinine Once per week for 4 weeks Average level of salivary cotinine over all time points (microgram/milliliter)
Trial Locations
- Locations (1)
2500 Red Hill Avenue
🇺🇸Santa Ana, California, United States