Effectiveness of Atropine and Glycopyrrolate to Reduce Hyper Salivation With Ketamine Sedation

Not Applicable

Completed

Interventions: Drug: Atropine (0.01mg/kg)
Drug: Glycopyrrolate (0.01mg/kg)
Drug: Normal saline 0.9%

Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to determine if the antisialagogues (anti-salivary agents), Atropine and Glycopyrrolate, are effective in reducing hypersalivation when sedating patients with Ketamine for procedural sedation in the emergency department or abscess clinic. The investigators will measure salivary flow rate by collecting oral secretions by oral suctioning over a 30 minute time period starting with the administration of Ketamine. The investigators hypothesize that patients who receive either atropine or glycopyrrolate will have fewer oral secretions than patients who receive placebo.

Detailed Description: Ketamine is a common sedation agent used in the pediatric emergency department for a variety of procedures, used in clinical practice since 1970. One potential side effect of Ketamine is hypersalivation, potentially leading to laryngospasms. To prevent hypersalivation (and reduce the potential for laryngospasms), an anti-salivary agent, such as Atropine, is commonly given in combination with Ketamine. Recently, however, the necessity of this practice has been brought into question. The consideration of using a different drug, glycopyrrolate, has been debated. The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of each medication in addition to the placebo control.

Patients enrolled into this study must present to the emergency department or abscess clinic with the need to receive Ketamine as part of a sedation procedure (as determined by the treating physician). This study will randomize enrolled patients to receive double-blinded Atropine, Glycopyrrolate or placebo given 30 minutes prior to Ketamine. After Ketamine is administered, a trained medical person will suction the patient's mouth every 5 minutes for a total of 30 minutes, collecting all oral secretions. Total saliva production will be measured and salivary flow rates will be calculated and compared between each assigned group. Adverse events and complications will be monitored throughout the patient's stay in the emergency department or abscess clinic.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria

Children age 6 months to 18 years (inclusive) presenting to Children's Medical Center Emergency Department or Abscess Clinic.
Children whom the attending physician feels need procedural sedation with the intravenous medication, Ketamine.

Exclusion Criteria

Children who are ASA class III or greater.
Children with an allergy or contraindication to ketamine, atropine or glycopyrrolate.
Inability to tolerate oral suctioning.
Any condition or situation whereby the patient would be unable to have his/her head turned to one side.
Patient history of vomiting or diarrhea in the last 24 hours
Patients who have taken an anti-sialogogue within the previous 24 hours.
Patients that need to receive Midazolam or other benzodiazepines.

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Atropine and Ketamine	Atropine (0.01mg/kg)	Atropine will be administered as a single dose of 0.01 mg/kg, with a minimum of dosage of 0.1 mg and a maximum dosage of 0.4 mg, intravenously 30 minutes before the administration of the ketamine.
Glycopyrrolate and Ketamine	Glycopyrrolate (0.01mg/kg)	Glycopyrrolate will be administered as a single dose of 0.01 mg/kg, with no minimum dosage and a maximum dose of 0.4 mg, intravenously 30 minutes before the administration of the ketamine.
Placebo and Ketamine	Normal saline 0.9%	Normal Saline 0.9% will act as a placebo. Two ml of normal saline 0.9% will be administered intravenously 30 minutes prior to the administration of the ketamine.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Difference in Salivary Flow Rate (ml/Min) Between Study Groups	30 minutes	Oral Secretions will be collected by oral suctioning starting at the time Ketamine is administed until 30 minutes post Ketamine administration. Suctionings will be done by trained personnel every 5 minutes starting with the Ketamine administration. Flow rate will be calculated by dividing the total volume of saliva suctioned by the total time suctioned (30 minutes)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Monitoring of Adverse Events During Study Administration	1 hour	Subjects will be monitored for episodes of apnea, laryngospasm, vomiting, oxygen desaturation(\<92%), and changes in heart rate and blood pressure. The time frame will include the time the study medication is administered until at least 30 minutes post Ketamine administration.