The Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Immune Phenotype of Indolent Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patients

Not Applicable

Recruiting

• Conditions: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma; Indolent Non-hodgkin Lymphoma
• Interventions: Procedure: Biospecimen Collection; Other: Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing; Procedure: Dual X-ray Absorptiometry; Other: Electronic Health Record Review; Procedure: Physical Examination; Other: Exercise Intervention; Other: Quality-of-Life Assessment; Other: Questionnaire Administration; Procedure: Spirometry; Other: Physical Performance Testing; Other: Best Practice

• Registration Number: NCT05876923
• Lead Sponsor: Mayo Clinic

Brief Summary

This clinical trial studies the effect of short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) exercise on immune characteristics and function (phenotype) of patients with indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Most newly-diagnosed CLL patients have early-stage disease at the time of diagnosis and do not require treatment. Despite not needing therapy, these patients have significant immune dysfunction. This may lead to an increased risk of serious infections requiring hospitalization and an increased risk of secondary non-blood-based (hematologic) cancers. Increasing CLL patients overall physical fitness levels, through exercise during the observation stage, may provide a realistic approach means to increase survival, decrease treatment-related side effects, and improve immune function. Information learned from this study may help researchers determine whether a particular exercise regimen can be used to strengthen the immune system of indolent NHL and CLL patients, delay time to disease progression, assess the need for treatment, and assess infection rates.

Detailed Description

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. Determine how circulating immune cell abundance and function (via cell counts \& cytokine profile) of CLL patients respond to acute (single bout) maximal exercise and how this differs from the response observed in group of age-matched controls by monitoring cardiopulmonary parameters and mobilization of immune cell phenotypes.

II. Determine how circulating immune cell mobilization and function (cell counts \& cytokine profile) of CLL patients respond to a 12-week semi-supervised training program of moderate to high intensity, aerobic based exercise.

III. Evaluate the effectiveness of 12-weeks of semi-supervised exercise training (ET) versus (vs.) usual care (UC) at reducing cancer-related side effects and improving quality of life (QOL) and physical fitness in individuals with indolent non-Hodgkin (NHL) lymphoma during or after treatment.

IV. Determine that extent to which 12-weeks of semi-supervised ET can modify circulating immune cell mobilization and immune function in individuals with indolent NHL during or after treatment compared to UC.

V. Development of a forward-chaining AI expert system using both manual and physiology derived feedback to optimize training results and compare its efficacy at reducing cancer-related side effects and improving quality of life (QOL) and physical fitness in individuals with indolent NHL and CLL to that of the semi-supervised ET.

OUTLINE: CLL patients and healthy participants are assigned to Aim 1. CLL patients who complete all Aim 1 activities are assigned to Aim 2. Patients with indolent NHL will be assigned to Aims 3 and 4.

AIM 1: Participants undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (cardiopulmonary exercise testing \[CPET\]), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan on study.

AIM 2: CLL patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all Aim 1 activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.

AIMS 3-4: Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6-minute walk test (6MWT). Patients are then randomized to 1 of 2 arms.

ARM I: Patients receive usual care on study.

ARM II: Patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all baseline activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.

AIM 5: All patients from Aims 3-4 will be invited to repeat Aims 3-4 baseline activities.

After completion of study intervention, patients are followed up every 6 months (Aims 2-4) or annually (Aim 5) for 3 years.

Basic Information
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Recruitment & Eligibility
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Study & Design
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Trial Locations

Study Timeline

• Study First Submitted: 2023-05-01
• Study First Submitted QC: 2023-05-16
• Study First Posted: 2023-05-26
• Study Start: 2023-06-12
• Status Verified: 2024-12
• Last Update Submitted: 2024-12-02
• Last Update Posted: 2024-12-04
• Primary Completion: 2028-03-13
• Study Completion: 2028-04

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: RECRUITING
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 70

Inclusion Criteria

• English speaking
• Between the ages of 18-80
• Histologically confirmed diagnosis of indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) will be required to participate in Aim 2 (CLL/SLL only), aim 3 and 4 (indolent NHL) and aim 5 (indolent NHL) of this study

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Exclusion Criteria

• Healthy subjects participating in Aim 1 will be excluded if they have known cardiovascular or pulmonary disease (e.g. heart disease, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], asthma, etc.) an orthopedic or musculoskeletal limitation which would limit ability to exercise or are a current or former smoker
• Indolent NHL individuals receiving treatment must have least 8 weeks of planned treatment remaining and those who have already received treatment must be at least 6 months post and have no planned treatments during the 12-week intervention period to be eligible. Individuals that are participating prior to receiving treatment must not have any scheduled treatments during their participation. Individuals will be excluded if they have uncontrolled hypertension, cardiac illness, or are not approved by their oncologist to participate

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Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: SEQUENTIAL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Aim 1 (vitals, spirometry, CPET, blood samples, DEXA)	Biospecimen Collection	Participants undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study.
Aim 1 (vitals, spirometry, CPET, blood samples, DEXA)	Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing	Participants undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study.
Aim 5 (repeat baseline activities)	Biospecimen Collection	All patients from Aims 3-4 will be invited to repeat Aims 3-4 baseline activities.
Aim 1 (vitals, spirometry, CPET, blood samples, DEXA)	Dual X-ray Absorptiometry	Participants undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study.
Aim 1 (vitals, spirometry, CPET, blood samples, DEXA)	Physical Examination	Participants undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study.
Aim 5 (repeat baseline activities)	Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing	All patients from Aims 3-4 will be invited to repeat Aims 3-4 baseline activities.
Aim 2 (aerobic based training program, Aim 1 activities)	Electronic Health Record Review	CLL patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all Aim 1 activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aim 2 (aerobic based training program, Aim 1 activities)	Spirometry	CLL patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all Aim 1 activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aims 3-4 arm I (indolent NHL usual care)	Physical Examination	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients receive usual care on study.
Aim 5 (repeat baseline activities)	Dual X-ray Absorptiometry	All patients from Aims 3-4 will be invited to repeat Aims 3-4 baseline activities.
Aim 2 (aerobic based training program, Aim 1 activities)	Dual X-ray Absorptiometry	CLL patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all Aim 1 activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aim 2 (aerobic based training program, Aim 1 activities)	Physical Examination	CLL patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all Aim 1 activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aim 1 (vitals, spirometry, CPET, blood samples, DEXA)	Electronic Health Record Review	Participants undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study.
Aim 2 (aerobic based training program, Aim 1 activities)	Questionnaire Administration	CLL patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all Aim 1 activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aims 3-4 arm I (indolent NHL usual care)	Biospecimen Collection	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients receive usual care on study.
Aims 3-4 arm I (indolent NHL usual care)	Dual X-ray Absorptiometry	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients receive usual care on study.
Aims 3-4 arm I (indolent NHL usual care)	Electronic Health Record Review	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients receive usual care on study.
Aims 3-4 arm I (indolent NHL usual care)	Spirometry	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients receive usual care on study.
Aim 1 (vitals, spirometry, CPET, blood samples, DEXA)	Quality-of-Life Assessment	Participants undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study.
Aim 1 (vitals, spirometry, CPET, blood samples, DEXA)	Questionnaire Administration	Participants undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study.
Aim 1 (vitals, spirometry, CPET, blood samples, DEXA)	Spirometry	Participants undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study.
Aim 2 (aerobic based training program, Aim 1 activities)	Exercise Intervention	CLL patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all Aim 1 activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aims 3-4 arm I (indolent NHL usual care)	Questionnaire Administration	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients receive usual care on study.
Aims 3-4 arm I (indolent NHL usual care)	Physical Performance Testing	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients receive usual care on study.
Aims 3-4 arm II (indolent NHL aerobic based training program)	Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all baseline activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aims 3-4 arm II (indolent NHL aerobic based training program)	Quality-of-Life Assessment	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all baseline activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aim 2 (aerobic based training program, Aim 1 activities)	Biospecimen Collection	CLL patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all Aim 1 activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aim 2 (aerobic based training program, Aim 1 activities)	Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing	CLL patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all Aim 1 activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aim 2 (aerobic based training program, Aim 1 activities)	Quality-of-Life Assessment	CLL patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all Aim 1 activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aims 3-4 arm I (indolent NHL usual care)	Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients receive usual care on study.
Aims 3-4 arm II (indolent NHL aerobic based training program)	Physical Examination	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all baseline activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aims 3-4 arm II (indolent NHL aerobic based training program)	Physical Performance Testing	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all baseline activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aims 3-4 arm I (indolent NHL usual care)	Quality-of-Life Assessment	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients receive usual care on study.
Aims 3-4 arm II (indolent NHL aerobic based training program)	Questionnaire Administration	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all baseline activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aims 3-4 arm I (indolent NHL usual care)	Best Practice	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients receive usual care on study.
Aims 3-4 arm II (indolent NHL aerobic based training program)	Exercise Intervention	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all baseline activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aim 5 (repeat baseline activities)	Physical Performance Testing	All patients from Aims 3-4 will be invited to repeat Aims 3-4 baseline activities.
Aims 3-4 arm II (indolent NHL aerobic based training program)	Biospecimen Collection	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all baseline activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aims 3-4 arm II (indolent NHL aerobic based training program)	Dual X-ray Absorptiometry	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all baseline activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aims 3-4 arm II (indolent NHL aerobic based training program)	Electronic Health Record Review	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all baseline activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aim 5 (repeat baseline activities)	Electronic Health Record Review	All patients from Aims 3-4 will be invited to repeat Aims 3-4 baseline activities.
Aim 5 (repeat baseline activities)	Physical Examination	All patients from Aims 3-4 will be invited to repeat Aims 3-4 baseline activities.
Aim 5 (repeat baseline activities)	Quality-of-Life Assessment	All patients from Aims 3-4 will be invited to repeat Aims 3-4 baseline activities.
Aim 5 (repeat baseline activities)	Spirometry	All patients from Aims 3-4 will be invited to repeat Aims 3-4 baseline activities.
Aims 3-4 arm II (indolent NHL aerobic based training program)	Spirometry	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all baseline activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aims 3-4 arm II (indolent NHL aerobic based training program)	Best Practice	Indolent NHL patients undergo measurement of height/weight and vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, heart and breathing rate), complete lung function testing (spirometry), undergo an exercise test (CPET), and undergo collection of blood samples on study. Participants may also undergo DEXA scan on study. Patients undergo muscular strength and functional endurance measurements of hand grip strength, upper body power via weighted chest pass, and leg strength with the timed chair stand test and 6MWT. Patients complete aerobic based training program on study. Patients then complete all baseline activities again after completion of aerobic based training program.
Aim 5 (repeat baseline activities)	Questionnaire Administration	All patients from Aims 3-4 will be invited to repeat Aims 3-4 baseline activities.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Assess circulating immune cell abundance and function pre-intervention	Baseline	A standardized questionnaire will be administered to assess levels of past and current physical activity. Baseline measurement of pulmonary function (PFT) will be collected and possibly a body composition scan via dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). While subjects perform cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), cardiopulmonary vitals will be assessed and monitored throughout exercise and in recovery. A 40 mL venous blood sample will be drawn at baseline and post exercise (80 mL total), along with finger prick measures of blood lactate at rest and early recovery. Blood samples will be evaluated to determine how circulating immune cell abundance and function (via cell counts \& cytokine profile) of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients respond to acute (single bout) maximal exercise and how this differs from the response observed in group of age-matched controls by monitoring cardiopulmonary parameters and mobilization of immune cell phenotypes.
Assess circulating immune cell mobilization and function post-intervention	Up to 12 weeks	Each subject will participate in a 12-weeks exercise program (3 times per week) at a moderate to high exercise intensity level based upon the results of their cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET)\]. Upon completion of the program, subjects will return to the laboratory for post testing using the same techniques as used during the baseline. Venous blood samples drawn at rest after the program will be used to determine how circulating immune cell mobilization and function (cell counts and cytokine profile) of CLL patients respond to intervention. Usual descriptive statistics will be performed - means, standard deviations, and ranges. Comparisons within a group over time or pre/post will be performed using paired t-tests, while comparisons between groups will be performed using unpaired t-tests or where necessary using ANOVA. Comparisons will be made based on absolute values as well as changes during a test.

Trial Locations

Locations (2)

Mayo Clinic in Arizona; 🇺🇸 Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

Mayo Clinic in Rochester; 🇺🇸 Rochester, Minnesota, United States