Microvascular changes and microvascular reactivity in stable patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease using non-invasive retinal imaging

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: Completed

Sex: Not specified

Target Recruitment: 250

Inclusion Criteria

- COPD as a primary diagnosis according to the Global Initiative For Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Lung Disease (GOLD) definition: *Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease with some significant extrapulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual patients. Its pulmonary component is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lung to noxious particles or gases*. COPD is diagnosed by a chest physician.
- Clinically stable on the basis of clinical picture by chest physician .
- Treated according to the current international guidelines.
- Permission for voluntary participation. Patients will be asked during baseline assessment and have to sign an informed consent. Patients have the right to withdraw from the study without any negative consequences on their rehabilitation.
-Attending the regular rehabilitation program in Ciro+ (study part 2)

Exclusion Criteria

- Lack of motivation for voluntary participation in this study.
- The presence of abnormalities in the lens (e.g. cataract) or retina (e.g. retinal detachment), which makes it impossible to make an image of the retina.
- The presence of severe retinopathy, which makes it impossible to analyze the microvasculature of the retina.

Study & Design

Study Type: Observational non invasive

Study Design: Not specified

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
<p>The presence of changes in the retinal microvasculature and endothelial<br /><br>function in patients with COPD.</p><br>

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
<p>- The effect of a high-intensity exercise on the reactivity of the retinal<br /><br>microvasculature in patients with COPD.<br /><br>- The effect of an 8-week inpatient rehabilitation program on the function of<br /><br>the retinal microvasculature and endothelial in patients with COPD.<br /><br>- The association between 1) retinal vessel changes/retinal vascular reactivity<br /><br>and cardiovascular phenotyping (endothelial function, blood pressure, ankle<br /><br>brachial index, AFR), 2) retinal vessel changes/retinal vascular reactivity and<br /><br>relevant outcomes for COPD patients (e.g. lung function, CAT, 6MWT, CPET, CWRT,<br /><br>smoking status; all included in the routine baseline assessment prior to<br /><br>rehabilitation).<br /><br>- Presence of ocular complications (i.e. glaucoma, age dependent macula<br /><br>degeneration), which are determined by an ophthalmologist. </p><br>

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