Snuff Use, Smoking, Periodontal Health and Premature Death: 30-year Study
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 1,676
- 主要终点
- Gingival Index (GI)
研究概览
简要总结
Snuff use and smoking associated with poor periodontal health, especially if used together.
详细描述
Aim: The investigators investigated how snuff use and smoking affect periodontal health parameters and mortality in a Swedish cohort, hypothesizing that snuff use increases the risks.
Material and methods
Study cohort of 1 532 subjects aged 30 to 40 (758 men and 774 women) from Stockholm area was clinically examined and followed up from 1985 to 2015. Associations were analysed between periodontal health parameters, snuff use, smoking and age of death. For analyses, all subjects were classified into four groups: "dual-users" (current and ex-snuffers, current and ex-smokers); "pure snuffers" (current and ex-snuffers); "pure smokers" (non-snuffers, current and ex-smokers) and "non-users" (non-snuffers and non-smokers). Cross-tabulation, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Observational
- 观察模型
- Cohort
- 时间视角
- Retrospective
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 30 Years 至 40 Years（Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •In 1985-1986 a sample was selected from the registry file of all inhabitants of the Stockholm area, of people born on the 20th of any month from 1945 to 1954.The sample comprised 3200 people. They were informed about the purpose of the study and called for clinical investigation. 1681 (52.5%) individuals, 840 men and 841 women, participated in the study. From the remaining 1519 non-respondents to the initial call, 100 randomly selected subjects, 45 men and 55 women, were reinformed and persuaded and finally agreed to participate in this investigation. They were used as a drop-out control sample.
排除标准
- •Other people
结局指标
主要结局
Gingival Index (GI)
时间窗: 1985
Dual-users, pure snuffers and pure smokers had higher GI scores than non-users. GI was scored from 0 (no gum bleeding) to 3 (abundant gum bleeding)
Premature death
时间窗: From year 1985 to year 2015
Snuff users or smokers did not die earlier than non-users of the cohort in 30 years. The Swedish National Death Register listing the cumulated causes of all deaths was used in the analyses.
Plaque Index (PI)
时间窗: 1985
Dual-users, pure snuffers and pure smokers had higher PI scores than non-users. PI was scored from 0 (no plaque) to 3 (abundant plaque)
Periodontal Pockets
时间窗: 1985
Dual users, pure snuffers and pure smokers had more ≥5mm deep periodontal pockets than non-users. Periodontal pockets were measured from all teeth and from six surfaces with a Hu-Friedy (PCPUNC 15) periodontal probe (Hu-friedy, Chicago, Ill., USA).
Missing teeth
时间窗: 1985
Pure smokers had more likely missing teeth than subjects in other groups. Missing teeth were calculated my dentist in clinical examination.
Calculus Index (CI)
时间窗: 1985
Dual-users, pure snuffers and pure smokers had higher CI scores than non-users. CI was scored from 0 (no calculus) to 3 (abundant calculus) according to Greene \& Vermillion
次要结局
未报告次要终点
研究者
Anna Julkunen
Principal Investigator
University of Helsinki