Snuff Use, Smoking, Periodontitis and Mortality: 30-year Cohort Study From Sweden
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Status
- Completed
- Sponsor
- University of Helsinki
- Enrollment
- 1,080
- Primary Endpoint
- Calculus index
Study Overview
Brief Summary
Smoking and dual using associated with poor periodontal health.
Detailed Description
Aim: To investigate how snuff use, smoking and risk behaviour affect periodontal health and mortality in a Swedish cohort, hypothesizing that they indeed have a poor impact and increase the risk of death.
Material and methods
Study cohort of 1080 subjects aged 31 to 40 years (528 men and 552 women) from Stockholm area was clinically examined in 1985 and followed for mortality until 2015. Associations between periodontal health parameters, snuff use, smoking and age of death were analysed by classifying all subjects into four groups: "dual-users" (current snuffers and current smokers); "pure snuffers" (current non-smoking snuffers); "pure smokers" (current non-snuffing smokers) and "non-users" (non-snuffers, non-smokers). SPSS was used for analyses.
Study Design
- Study Type
- Observational
- Observational Model
- Cohort
- Time Perspective
- Other
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 31 Years to 40 Years (Adult)
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- Yes
Inclusion Criteria
- •In 1985-1986 a sample was selected from the registry file of all inhabitants of the Stockholm area, of people born on the 20th of any month from 1945 to 1954.The sample comprised 3200 people. They were informed about the purpose of the study and called for clinical investigation. 1681 (52.5%) individuals, 840 men and 841 women, participated in the study. Subjects had different socio-economic and health backgrounds.
Exclusion Criteria
- •Other people. Any disease was not an exclusion criteria.
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Calculus index
Time Frame: 1985
Calculus index was scored from 0 (no calculus) to 3 (abundant calculus) according to Greene \& Vermillion.
Deep periodontal pockets (5mm or over)
Time Frame: 1985
Periodontal pockets were measured from all teeth and from six surfaces with a Hu-Friedy (PCPUNC 15) periodontal probe (Hu-friedy, Chicago, Ill., USA).
Missing teeth
Time Frame: 1985
Missing teeth were calculated my dentist in clinical examination.
Premature death
Time Frame: From year 1985 to year 2015
The Swedish National Death Register listing the cumulated causes of all deaths was used in the analyses.
Plaque index
Time Frame: 1985
Plaque index was scored from 0 (no plaque) to 3 (abundant plaque).
Gingival index
Time Frame: 1985
Gingival index was scored from 0 (no gum bleeding) to 3 (abundant gum bleeding).
Secondary Outcomes
No secondary outcomes reported
Investigators
Anna Julkunen
Principal Investigator
University of Helsinki