Snuff Use, Smoking, Periodontal Health and Premature Death: 30-year Study

Completed

• Conditions: Periodontitis; Tobacco Use
• Interventions: Other: Epidemiological study

• Registration Number: NCT03614871
• Lead Sponsor: University of Helsinki

Brief Summary

Snuff use and smoking associated with poor periodontal health, especially if used together.

Detailed Description

Aim: The investigators investigated how snuff use and smoking affect periodontal health parameters and mortality in a Swedish cohort, hypothesizing that snuff use increases the risks.

Material and methods: Study cohort of 1 532 subjects aged 30 to 40 (758 men and 774 women) from Stockholm area was clinically examined and followed up from 1985 to 2015. Associations were analysed between periodontal health parameters, snuff use, smoking and age of death. For analyses, all subjects were classified into four groups: "dual-users" (current and ex-snuffers, current and ex-smokers); "pure snuffers" (current and ex-snuffers); "pure smokers" (non-snuffers, current and ex-smokers) and "non-users" (non-snuffers and non-smokers). Cross-tabulation, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used.

Study Timeline

• Study Start: 2016-01-01
• Status Verified: 2018-07
• Primary Completion: 2018-07-01
• Study Completion: 2018-07-13
• Study First Submitted: 2018-07-23
• Study First Submitted QC: 2018-07-30
• Last Update Submitted: 2018-07-30
• Study First Posted: 2018-08-03
• Last Update Posted: 2018-08-03

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 1676

Inclusion Criteria

• In 1985-1986 a sample was selected from the registry file of all inhabitants of the Stockholm area, of people born on the 20th of any month from 1945 to 1954.The sample comprised 3200 people. They were informed about the purpose of the study and called for clinical investigation. 1681 (52.5%) individuals, 840 men and 841 women, participated in the study. From the remaining 1519 non-respondents to the initial call, 100 randomly selected subjects, 45 men and 55 women, were reinformed and persuaded and finally agreed to participate in this investigation. They were used as a drop-out control sample.

Exclusion Criteria

• Other people

Study & Design

• Study Type: OBSERVATIONAL
• Study Design: Not specified

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
No arms	Epidemiological study	There are no interventions

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Gingival Index (GI)	1985	Dual-users, pure snuffers and pure smokers had higher GI scores than non-users. GI was scored from 0 (no gum bleeding) to 3 (abundant gum bleeding)
Premature death	From year 1985 to year 2015	Snuff users or smokers did not die earlier than non-users of the cohort in 30 years. The Swedish National Death Register listing the cumulated causes of all deaths was used in the analyses.
Plaque Index (PI)	1985	Dual-users, pure snuffers and pure smokers had higher PI scores than non-users. PI was scored from 0 (no plaque) to 3 (abundant plaque)
Periodontal Pockets	1985	Dual users, pure snuffers and pure smokers had more ≥5mm deep periodontal pockets than non-users. Periodontal pockets were measured from all teeth and from six surfaces with a Hu-Friedy (PCPUNC 15) periodontal probe (Hu-friedy, Chicago, Ill., USA).
Missing teeth	1985	Pure smokers had more likely missing teeth than subjects in other groups. Missing teeth were calculated my dentist in clinical examination.
Calculus Index (CI)	1985	Dual-users, pure snuffers and pure smokers had higher CI scores than non-users. CI was scored from 0 (no calculus) to 3 (abundant calculus) according to Greene \& Vermillion