The Effect of Different Ketone Supplements on β-OHB and Blood Glucose in Healthy Individuals

Not Applicable

Completed

Interventions: Dietary Supplement: 1,3-Butanediol
Dietary Supplement: (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate ketone monoester
Dietary Supplement: Beta-hydroxybutyric acid

Brief Summary: Ketone bodies are a fuel source and signaling molecule that are produced by your body during prolonged fasting or if you consistently eat at low-carbohydrate diet. Blood ketones can be used as a source of energy during fasting and are used by your brain as an alternative source of fuel to glucose. Previous studies have found that ketones, when consumed in form of a supplement drink, can increase blood ketone levels and lower blood glucose, the amount of sugar in your blood. This is of potential interest for individuals with high blood sugar, such as people living with type 2 diabetes. However, there are different types of ketone supplements that differ in how they are metabolized in the body. Little is known about how these supplements affect blood ketone and blood glucose levels. The main objective of this study is to determine the effect of three different ketone supplements on blood ketones and blood glucose. The results of this pilot study will be used to guide future research for larger and more extensive studies on ketone supplements.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

being a competitive endurance athlete;
following a ketogenic diet, low-calorie diet, periodic fasting regimen, or regularly consuming ketogenic supplements;
being unable to travel to and from the university;
being unable to follow the diet instructions;
being pregnant or planning to become pregnant during the study;
having been diagnosed with a chronic disorder of glucose or fat metabolism, including type 2 diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, or gallbladder disease;
being unable to read or communicate in English

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
1,3-Butanediol	1,3-Butanediol	1 x 35 mL
(R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate ketone monoester	(R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate ketone monoester	1 x 20 mL
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid	Beta-hydroxybutyric acid	1 x 237 mL

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Blood Beta-hydroxybutyrate	240 minutes (assessed at baseline and 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 minutes post-supplementation)	Are under the curve (AUC) across 240 minutes after supplement consumption (assessed at baseline and 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 post-supplementation)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Blood Pressure	240 minutes (assessed at baseline and 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 minutes post-supplementation)	Change over time
Supplement Acceptability & Taste	240 minutes post-supplementation	Questionnaire
Gastrointestinal Discomfort	60 minutes post-supplementation	Questionnaire
Blood Glucose	240 minutes (assessed at baseline and 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 minutes post-supplementation)	Area under the curve (AUC)
Heart Rate	240 minutes (assessed at baseline and 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 minutes post-supplementation)	Change over time
Hunger & Fullness	240 minutes post-supplementation	Questionnaire