Study of Precision Treatment for Rare Tumours in China Guided by PDO and NGS

Phase 2

Not yet recruiting

• Conditions: Rare Tumour
• Interventions: Drug: Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel; Drug: Other; Drug: Epirubicin; Drug: Gemcitabine; Drug: Vinorelbine; Drug: Cisplatin; Drug: Irinotecan; Drug: Fluorouracil; Drug: Nivolumab; Drug: Pembrolizumab; Drug: Durvalumab; Drug: Atezolizumab; Drug: Sintilimab; Drug: Tislelizumab; Drug: Camrelizumab; Drug: Toripalimab; Drug: Serplulimab; Drug: Adebrelimab; Drug: Envafolimab; Drug: Osimertinib; Drug: Alectinib; Drug: Vemurafenib; Drug: Pamiparib; Drug: Pyrotinib; Drug: Imatinib; Drug: Palbociclib; Drug: Savolitinib; Drug: Entrectinib

• Registration Number: NCT06692491
• Lead Sponsor: Peking University Shenzhen Hospital

Brief Summary

The objective of this Phase II, open-label, multicenter, non-randomised controlled clinical trial is to guide precision treatment for patients with rare tumours based on Patient-Derived Organoids/Next-Generation Sequencing drug screening.

Detailed Description

Rare tumours, defined as those with an annual incidence rate of less than 2.5/100,000 according to the data from the National Cancer Registry of the National Cancer Center of China, represent a significant unmet medical need due to the lack of high-level evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and standard regimens. Patient-Derived Organoids(PDOs), which...

Basic Information
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Recruitment & Eligibility
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Study & Design

Study Timeline

• Study First Submitted: 2024-09-16
• Status Verified: 2024-11
• Study First Submitted QC: 2024-11-14
• Last Update Submitted: 2024-11-14
• Study First Posted: 2024-11-18
• Last Update Posted: 2024-11-18
• Study Start: 2025-01-01
• Primary Completion: 2027-12-31
• Study Completion: 2029-12-31

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: NOT_YET_RECRUITING
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 200

Inclusion Criteria

1. Male or female, the age at the time of signing the informed consent is no less than 18 years old;
2. Patients with advanced or metastatic rare solid tumor confirmed by histological confirmed;
3. ECOG score is 0 or 1;
4. Expected survival ≥12 weeks;
5. According to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor (RECIST 1.1), there is at least one imaging measurable lesions, which has not previously undergone radiotherapy or with obvious disease progress after radiotherapy;
6. Surgical specimens of paired tumor tissue and adjacent normal tissue, or fresh biopsy tissue samples or ≥500ml serous cavity effusion with positive pathological cytological examination must be provided. These specimens must be obtained without prior exposure to any other anti-tumor treatment, systemic anti-infection treatment, vaccination, et al. and are intended for organoid culture;
7. Must have a primary or metastatic paraffin-embedded tissue (without radiotherapy) other than bone metastatic lesions before enrollment (within 2 years, 15-20 sheets, 4-6μm thick white slices, of which 5 need to be glued and baked ) and peripheral blood samples for NGS gene testing. If NGS results are already available but sufficient paraffin-embedded tissue cannot be provided, investigator are allowed the decision to enroll subjects according to the specific situation;
8. In the condition that the primary lesions biopsy specimen has been provided, if the metastatic lesion is able to be biopsied(determined by investigator), it is suggested to keep the specimen for pathological testing and provide fresh tissue specimen;
9. After the progression of the subject's disease, if conditions permit(determined by investigator), fresh tissue samples shall be obtained from the same biopsy lesions and the metastasis lesions of the previously obtained samples;
10. Toxic and side effects caused by previous treatment need to be restored to ≤ Grade 1 or returned to the baseline value (NCI-CTCAE version 5.0, except for hair loss);
11. Negative pregnancy test (only applicable for women with childbearing potential). No childbearing potential is defined as being postmenopausal for longer than one year or having undergone surgical sterilization or hysterectomy;
12. All patients (male and female) agree to use an effective form of contraceptive measures during the treatment and within 8 weeks after the end of treatment;
13. Signed, written informed consent of volunteers that join the group shall follow the trial treatment plan, follow-up plan and cooperate to observe the adverse events and efficacy.

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Exclusion Criteria

1. No patient lesions available for organoid model construction;

2. History of interstitial lung disease or radiation pneumonitis of any type;

3. Central Nervous System (CNS) metastases with brain metastases-related symptoms, which is not stable in neurology, or need to increase steroid dosage to control CNS disease. (Note: Patients with controlled CNS metastasis are eligible to participate in this study);

4. Current uncontrollable third cavity effusion, such as a large amount of pleural effusion，ascites , or pericardial effusion;

5. Major surgical operations or incomplete healing of injury within 4 weeks prior to study treatment's first administration and chest radiotherapy of > 30 Gy within 6 months;

6. History of receiving other investigational drugs within 14 days or 5 half-lives (whichever is longer) prior to the first administration;

7. History of receiving live vaccine within 30 days prior to the first administration. Seasonal influenza vaccines that do not contain live viruses are allowed;

8. Current active infection requiring systemic treatment (antibiotics); or any of the following:

   1. HIV positive or known history of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome;
   2. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is defined as HBsAg positive and the number of HBV DNA copies exceeds the upper limit of normal value, or HCV AB positive;
   3. Active tuberculosis (with exposure history or positive tuberculosis test; with clinical and / or imaging manifestations);
   4. Positive antibody of Treponema Pallidum

9. Current evidenced uncontrollable systemic diseases (such as severe mental, neurological, epilepsy or dementia, unstable or uncompensated respiratory, cardiovascular, liver or kidney diseases, uncontrolled hypertension [still greater than or equal to CTCAE Grade 3 hypertension after drug treatment]);

10. History of myocardial infarction, coronary artery / peripheral artery bypass or cerebrovascular accident within 3 months;

11. Diagnosed with a second type of malignant tumor within 5 years before the first diagnosis of a rare solid tumor (excluding completely resected basal cell carcinoma, bladder carcinoma in situ, cervical carcinoma in situ);

12. History of receiving of any organ transplantation, including allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Transplantation without immunosuppression (corneal transplantation, hair transplantation) is excluded;

13. Cardiovascular disease or symptom includes any of the following:

    1. History of Congestive Heart Failure requiring treatment and of New York Heart Association class III / IV CHF (see Appendix 3) ;
    2. Current ventricular arrhythmia requiring antiarrhythmic drugs treatment, or uncontrollable or unstable arrhythmia;
    3. Severe conduction disorder (such as grade II or III AV block);
    4. Angina requiring treatment;
    5. QT interval (QTC) of 12 lead ECG is ≥ 450 ms in male and ≥ 470 MS in female;
    6. History of congenital long QT syndrome, congenital short QT syndrome, torsade de pointe or pre-excitation syndrome;
    7. History of LVEF decline to below 50% determined by echocardiography or MUGA scan;
    8. History of myocardial infarction in the past 6 months.

14. Inadequate bone marrow reserve or organ function;

15. Pregnant or lactating women;

16. History of swallowing dysfunction, active gastrointestinal disease or other diseases that significantly affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of oral drugs. The patients with history of subtotal gastrectomy. (Note: this standard is not applicable to the sub schemes with the investigational drug as injection).

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Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Epirubicin	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Gemcitabine	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Vinorelbine	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Cisplatin	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Irinotecan	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Fluorouracil	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Nivolumab	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Pembrolizumab	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Durvalumab	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Atezolizumab	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Sintilimab	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Tislelizumab	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Camrelizumab	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Toripalimab	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Serplulimab	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Adebrelimab	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Envafolimab	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Osimertinib	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Alectinib	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Vemurafenib	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Pamiparib	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Pyrotinib	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Imatinib	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Palbociclib	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Savolitinib	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Criteria-Fulfilled ICF Group	Entrectinib	Intervention in this group is to perform PDOs culture and drug screening of lesions from patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and fully meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Epirubicin	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Gemcitabine	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Vinorelbine	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Cisplatin	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Irinotecan	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Fluorouracil	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Nivolumab	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Vemurafenib	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Pembrolizumab	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Durvalumab	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Atezolizumab	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Sintilimab	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Tislelizumab	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Camrelizumab	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Toripalimab	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Serplulimab	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Adebrelimab	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Envafolimab	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Osimertinib	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Alectinib	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Pamiparib	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Pyrotinib	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Imatinib	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Palbociclib	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Savolitinib	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
Compassionate-Use ICF Group	Entrectinib	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment and do not meet the requisite criteria (e.g. active hepatitis B, underlying disease in the exclusion criteria, symptomatic brain metastases) will provide informed consent and undergo PDOs culture and drug screening. The MTB will review the results of the drug screening and NGS, and subsequently determine the personalised chemotherapy, targeted or immunological agents.
RWS ICF Group	Other	Patients with rare tumours who failed to standard treatment will be included in a real-world study cohort and receive clinically conventional treatment if they do not undergo PDOs culture and NGS testing successfully or are unwilling to base their treatment on the results of PDOs and NGS for various reasons.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Objective Response Rate (ORR)	From enrollment to the end of treatment at 8 weeks	The percentage of patients with a confirmed investigator-assessed complete or partial response according to Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumours (RECIST) 1.1.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Disease Control Rate (DCR)	From enrollment to the end of treatment at 8 weeks	The percentage of evaluable patients who achieve confirmed Complete Response (CR), Partial Response (PR), or Stable Disease (SD) (lasting for ≥ 8 weeks).
Progression free survival (PFS)	From enrollment to the end of treatment at 8 weeks	Time from the first dose of treatment until the first documentation of disease progression (PD) or death from any cause, whichever occurs first.
Overall survival (OS)	From enrollment to the end of treatment at 8 weeks	Time from the first dose of treatment until the death of the patient from any cause.
Duration of response (DOR)	From enrollment to the end of treatment at 8 weeks	Time from the first tumor assessment showing a Complete Response (CR) or Partial Response (PR) to the first occurrence of disease progression (PD) or death before PD in subjects who achieved CR or PR, whichever occurs first