Paclitaxel: A Comprehensive Oncological Drug Profile

1. Introduction

1.1. Paclitaxel as a Cornerstone Antineoplastic Agent

Paclitaxel is a highly influential taxoid chemotherapeutic agent, integral to modern oncology as both a first-line and subsequent therapeutic option for a spectrum of advanced carcinomas. Its most prominent applications are in the treatment of ovarian, breast, and lung cancers.[1] Beyond these, paclitaxel's therapeutic reach extends to AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma and pancreatic cancer, among other solid tumor malignancies.[1] The drug's primary anticancer activity stems from its function as a mitotic inhibitor, which critically interferes with the normal process of microtubule function during cellular division.[1]

1.2. Historical Context: Discovery and Development

The journey of paclitaxel began with its initial isolation in 1971 from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia.[1] This discovery was a product of systematic screening efforts for natural antineoplastic compounds conducted by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) during the late 1960s and early 1970s.[2] Originally designated "taxol," this name is now primarily associated with the registered trademark Taxol®, one of its commercial formulations.[4] The conventional injectable formulation, TAXOL (paclitaxel) Injection, is derived through a semi-synthetic pathway from Taxus baccata, a more renewable yew species.[5] Further research has revealed that endophytic fungi, which live symbiotically within the Pacific yew, are also capable of synthesizing paclitaxel, suggesting potential alternative avenues for its production.[1]