The impact of eating rate of ultra-processed foods on dietary behaviour

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: Pending

Sex: Not specified

Target Recruitment: 39

Inclusion Criteria

- Between 21-50 years old at the day of inclusion
- Being able to read and understand English
- BMI 21-27 kg/m2
- Good general and mental health and appetite (self-report)
- Commonly (5 out of 7 week days) eating three meals a day around approximately
the same times (self-report).

Exclusion Criteria

- Difficulties with swallowing, chewing and/or eating in general - Suffering
from an endocrine or eating disorder, gastrointestinal illness or illness of
the thyroid gland, cardio-vascular diseases, bowel diseases, respiratory
disease, neurological diseases, or diabetes, anaemia, cancer, or psychiatric
conditions such as clinical depression, burnout or anxiety or bipolar disorder.
- Having a history of low blood pressure - Having taste or smell disorders
self-report - Braces (not including a dental wire) or oral piercing - Followed
an energy restricted diet during the last 2 months - Currently using or in the
past 3 months (calculated from the first day of the study) used prebiotics
supplements, probiotic supplements and/or antibiotics - Gained or lost 5 kg of
body weight over the last half year - High restrained eater (DEBQ restrained
eater scale >= 2.90 for males and >= 3.40 for females [23])* - Use of medication,
including but not limited to hormone therapy or medications that affect the
immune system or any medication that influences study outcomes such as food
intake, appetite in general or metabolic responses (self-report) - Consuming on
average more than 21 (men) or 14 (women) glasses of alcohol per week - Pregnant
or lactating women, or women who are planning on becoming pregnant within the
study period. - Smoking (daily) - Not willing to stop using drugs during the
study period (from inclusion till last test session) - Not willing to stop
consuming alcohol during the intervention weeks - Exercising more than 4 hours
per week (excluding biking and walking at a normal pace and distance) -
Following a vegetarian or vegan diet - Allergies or intolerance to any
ingredient of the test meals - Not willing to eat the test food because of
eating habits or believes - Do not like > 20% of the test foods or its
ingredients based on pictures and descriptions of the meal (scoring items <=
dislike on a nine point likert scale)* - Majority > 50% of dietary food intake
(g) is derived from ultra-processed foods (based on a food frequency
questionnaire (FFQ) based on normative data collected in pre-trial.* The 50%
cut-off is based on median intake of UPFs in Dutch cohort studies - Being
unfamiliar with > 25% of the test meals - Signed up for participating in
another research study - Being an employee or thesis student of the Division of
Human Nutrition and Health at Wageningen university - Radiological
investigation during past 7 days where iodine or barium containing contrast
fluids have been used (DEXA contra-indication) - Nuclear medical investigation
involving isotopes during past 7 days (DEXA contra-indication) Exclusion after
screening: - HB value is not between 7.5-11.0 mmol/L (women), 8.5-11.0 mmol/L
(men) - Fasted glucose level is below > 3.5 mmol/L or higher than 8 mmol/L -
Blood pressure is below 90/60 mm hg (below 90 and/or below 60 mm hg) - Veins
are not suited for blood sampling (as judged by trained research nurses) -
Persons with little difference (< 20%) in the eating rate of a hard and soft
carrot. - Do not like > 20% of the test foods based tasting small portions (1
bite) of each of the meals (scoring items below <= dislike on a nine point
Likert scale)* * This exclusion criterion will not explicitly be communicated
to the participants to prevent desirable

Study & Design

Study Type: Interventional

Study Design: Not specified

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
<p>The main outcome measure is the average (across two weeks) daily energy intake<br /><br>(kcal/day) in each diet arm</p><br>

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
<p>Secondary study parameters include: food (gram) ,energy (kcal) and nutrient<br /><br>(gram, EN%) intake in gram and kcal on the level of the food, meal day and<br /><br>week, pre-, and post meal appetite, body weight and body composition changes<br /><br>and distribution fat mass vs fat free mass, changes in postprandial hormone<br /><br>responses and respiratory quotient to a mixed meal tolerance test as a marker<br /><br>of metabolic flexibility, changes in blood pressure, continues glucose levels<br /><br>and long term satiety hormones (leptin, ghrelin), </p><br>