Depression and Suicide Prevention in Adolescents Attending Special Schools
- Conditions
- Depressive Symptoms
- Interventions
- Behavioral: GatekeeperstrainingBehavioral: Op Volle Kracht
- Registration Number
- NCT06203899
- Lead Sponsor
- Ggz Oost Brabant
- Brief Summary
Depression is a major public health concern. In Dutch adolescents, the prevalence of major depressive disorder is estimated at 3.8%, and one in five adolescents report depressive symptoms. Depression is a risk factor in adolescent suicide. School-based prevention programs, for example the STORM approach, are effective in decreasing depressive symptoms among adolescents with elevated depressive symptoms at screening. However, not all adolescents attend general education. In the Netherlands, 7% of all adolescents enters special education (voortgezet speciaal onderwijs and prakijkonderwijs). They form a vulnerable subgroup concerning developing depressive symptoms and suicidality. To adapt and implement programs for these students, is complex yet crucial. This study aims to screen adolescents, offer them a prevention program to prevent the onset or continuation of depression and evaluate the effectiveness of this program. It is a randomised controlled trial with two conditions. The main study parameter is depressive symptomatology. Secondary study parameters are suicidality, anxiety and somatic complaints.
Eligible students enter the second or third grade of special education, presenting elevated depressive symptoms. All adolescents will be screened for depressive and suicidal symptoms. Those reporting suicidality will be guided to specialised care, together with their parents. Adolescents with elevated depressive symptoms in the experimental condition will be offered the CBT-based preventive group training Op Volle Kracht in their school setting. The control condition consists of monitoring, and is offered the training if the intervention has shown to be effective. Participants will fill in longitudinal measurements. At all times, adolescents will be guided to mental health care if necessary. Furthermore, teachers in all participating schools will attend a training on how to detect and address depressive and suicidal symptoms among adolescents.
The potential value of the study is that we can offer adolescents in the special educational sector a prevention program that is proven to be effective. In order to achieve this goal we need to evaluate the effectiveness of this prevention program in this target group. We are of opinion, however, that the risks associated with participation can be considered negligible. It is specifically aimed at depressive symptoms, within a population which receives care for other problems.
- Detailed Description
Not available
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- RECRUITING
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 236
- Adolescents are in their second or third year of secondary education, ór adolescents will reach the age 14 or 15 in this academic year.
- Score above cut-off on depression symptom questionnaire (≥ 14 on the CDI-2; Bodden et al. (2016)).
- Adolescents who score 2 on item 8 of the CDI-2 or ≥ 23 on the VOZZ-screen (Kerkhof et al., 2015).
- Clinical depression based on the clinical interview at baseline ADIS-C (Silverman & Albano, 1996).
- Absence of parental permission.
- Adolescent already receiving treatment for depressive symptomatology.
- Insufficient knowledge of the Dutch language.
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- PARALLEL
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description Control group Gatekeeperstraining Participating adolescents will undergo a clinical interview at baseline to detect clinical depression, and will fill in questionnaires at baseline, 12 weeks/'post-intervention' and follow-up at 6 and 12 months 'post-intervention'. Besides, participants will undergo a second clinical interview on depressive symptoms at 6 months follow-up. All teachers will be educated on how to recognize and address depressive symptoms and suicidality in adolescents (gatekeeperstraining). Concerning Op Volle Kracht: Adolescents are offered the training after data collection of the study has ended and when the intervention has shown to be effective. Intervention group Gatekeeperstraining Participating adolescents receive the preventive group training Op Volle Kracht. It is an altered program for adolescents in the special educational sector, based on the eponymous program for general education. It consists of eight meetings of 45 minutes each and one short follow-up meeting each week to offer repetition. It will take place at school during school hours. A trained psychologist of the STORM approach will facilitate the training with a trained school psychologist. Participants will undergo a clinical interview at baseline and at 6-month follow-up to detect clinical depression, and will fill in questionnaires at baseline, post-intervention and follow-up at 6 and 12 months after intervention. Assessments will be conducted through a 30-minute self-report questionnaire. All teachers will be educated on how to recognize and address depressive symptoms and suicidality in adolescents (gatekeeperstraining). Intervention group Op Volle Kracht Participating adolescents receive the preventive group training Op Volle Kracht. It is an altered program for adolescents in the special educational sector, based on the eponymous program for general education. It consists of eight meetings of 45 minutes each and one short follow-up meeting each week to offer repetition. It will take place at school during school hours. A trained psychologist of the STORM approach will facilitate the training with a trained school psychologist. Participants will undergo a clinical interview at baseline and at 6-month follow-up to detect clinical depression, and will fill in questionnaires at baseline, post-intervention and follow-up at 6 and 12 months after intervention. Assessments will be conducted through a 30-minute self-report questionnaire. All teachers will be educated on how to recognize and address depressive symptoms and suicidality in adolescents (gatekeeperstraining).
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Depressive symptoms in children and adolescents Depressive symptoms will be measured at the screening, at T0 (baseline), T1 (12 weeks), T2 (6 months), and T3 (12 months). Depressive symptoms in children and adolescents will be measured with the CDI-2 (Bodden et al., 2016; Kovacs, 2011). The CDI-2 contains 28 items, each consisting of three statements graded in severity from 0 to 2. This instrument has good internal consistency and convergent validity (Bae, 2012). The use of the CDI-2 for screening purposes is in accordance with the Dutch multidisciplinary guidelines for depression among youth (Richtlijnen jeugdhulp en jeugdbescherming, 2023). Suicidality will be measured with item 8 of the CDI-2. In case children score 2 on this present item, they will be seen by a health professional and eventually redirected to mental health care. Parents will be informed.
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Parent-reported depressive symptoms Parent-reported depressive symptoms will be measured at T0 (baseline), T1 (12 weeks), T2 (6 months), and T3 (12 months). Parent-reported depressive symptoms are measured with the CDI-2 parent-report questionnaire consisting of 17 items. Parents indicate the presence of each symptom in the past two weeks on a 4-point-scale (Bodden et al., 2016; Kovacs, 2011).
Parent-reported anxiety symptoms Anxiety symptoms will be measured at T0 (baseline), T1 (12 weeks), T2 (6 months), and T3 (12 months). Anxiety symptoms are measured by using the RCADS-25 parent questionnaire (Chorpita et al., 2000). Only items concerning anxiety will be used; the anxiety scale of the RCADS-25-P show great psychometric properties (Klaufus et al., 2020). It is used in children 8 to 18 years old. Items are rated on an 4-point scale concerning prevalence.
The presence of a clinical depression The presence of a clinical depression will be measured at T0 (baseline) and T2 (6 months) he presence of a clinical depression is measured by a clinical interview using the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule for Children, ADIS-C (Silverman \& Albano, 1996). The study will only include the section of affective disorders. The purpose of this interview is to investigate if children meet the criteria of a depression. If participants meet the criteria of a depression, the severity will be determined using the checklist of the multidisciplinary guidance depression youth. Adolescents with a moderate - severe depression will be excluded from this study and redirected to mental health care.
Somatic symptoms Somatic symptoms will be measured at T0 (baseline), T1 (12 weeks), T2 (6 months), and T3 (12 months). Somatic symptoms will be measured via the Somatic Complaint List, which consists of 11 items about physical health such as 'I feel tired'. Items are rated on a 3-point scale including never, sometimes or often. It is validated for participants 8 years and older (Jellesma et al., 2007).
Suicidality Suicidality will be measured at the screening, at T0 (baseline), T1 (12 weeks), T2 (6 months), and T3 (12 months). Suicidality will be measured with the VOZZ-screen (Kerkhof et al., 2015). This questionnaire contains 10 questions regarding thoughts and actions about life, self-harm and suicide. Items are rated on a 5-point scale. Children with score 23 or above will redirected to a health professional and eventually redirected to mental health care. Parents will be informed. This procedure is equal to the procedure when children score 2 on item 8 of the CDI-2
Anxiety symptoms Anxiety symptoms will be measured at T0 (baseline), T1 (12 weeks), T2 (6 months), and T3 (12 months). Anxiety symptoms are measured by using the RCADS-25 self-report questionnaire (Chorpita et al., 2000). Only items concerning anxiety will be used; the anxiety scale of the RCADS-25 show great psychometric properties (Klaufus et al., 2020). It is used in children 8 to 18 years old. Items are rated on an 4-point scale concerning prevalence.
Trial Locations
- Locations (1)
GGZ Oost Brabant
🇳🇱Boekel, Noordoost Brabant, Netherlands