Role of Echocardiography in the Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Pediatric Population With Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis After Percutaneous Balloon Pulmonary Valvuoplasty.

The right ventricle plays an important role in the morbidity and mortality of patients presenting with signs and symptoms of cardiopulmonary disease. However, the systematic assessment of right heart function is not uniformly carried out. This is due partly to the enormous attention given to the evaluation of the left heart, a lack of familiarity with ultrasound techniques that can be used in imaging the right heart, and a paucity of ultrasound studies providing normal reference values of right heart size and function. In patients with CHD, the right ventricle (RV) may function as either the sub-pulmonary or the systemic ventricle as in transposition of great arteries (TGA). CHD more commonly affecting the right heart includes atrial septal defects (ASD), Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), pulmonary stenosis (PS), Ebstein anomaly, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), and pulmonary valve atresia. In many of these patients, prevention of "irreversible" right heart failure (RHF) will require timely corrective surgery or when not possible, surgical palliation . Congenital pulmonary valve stenosis is a common congenital heart disease. Isolated pulmonary valve stenosis comprises 8-10% of all congenital heart disease . While surgical pulmonary valvotomy has been available as a treatment since 1956, it requires a median sternotomy, use of cardiopulmonary bypass, and post-surgical ICU admission with multi-day hospitalization. Recognizing the potential advantages of a less invasive approach, the first attempts at percutaneous catheter-based dilation of stenotic pulmonary valves were performed in the 1950s. As the technique was refined and catheter and balloon technology have advanced, the results of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty have improved and the approach has become the standard of care for treating pulmonary valve stenosis