Daily Protein Intake Patterns on Energy Metabolism and the Motivation to Snack
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 发起方
- 入组人数
- 53
- 试验地点
- 2
- 主要终点
- Fat, carbohydrate, and protein utilization
研究概览
简要总结
The purpose of this study is to determine if when one eats protein can change how the body uses food for energy. Researchers will also test if eating a high protein breakfast can change one's craving for snack foods.
详细描述
The purpose of this study is to determine if consuming 30 g of high-quality protein at each meal can increase fat utilization and shift between-meal snack choices. While the benefits of high-protein diets are well known, little is known about the optimal amount of protein that should be eaten at each meal. Most Americans eat little protein at breakfast and lunch and most of their protein at the evening meal. Current guidelines for protein are based on body weight; however, recent evidence indicates that absolute amounts of protein at each meal are needed to maintain metabolically active fat-free mass. This suggests that a more even protein consumption pattern across daily meals may positively influence energy metabolism. In addition, recent evidence indicates that protein may reduce activity in the food reward areas of the brain. This suggests that protein may influence between-meal snacking by decreasing the relative reinforcing value (RRV) of highly rewarding snack foods. The RRV of a food is an empirical measure of its motivating value and energy-dense foods are highly reinforcing, especially for obese individuals. This study will be the first to investigate the role of the daily distribution of protein intake on energy metabolism and modifying snacking behavior.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Crossover
- 主要目的
- Other
- 盲法
- None
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 20 Years 至 60 Years（Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •BMI < 25 kg/m2
- •BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 but < 34.5 kg/m2
- •able to understand and sign the informed consent
- •able to provide own transportation to the Center
- •free of any major illness/disease
- •usual protein intake within the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (10 to 30%)
- •constant habitual activity patterns within the last 3 months
- •females of childbearing age must be on birth control for a minimum of 3 months prior to study start and have regular menstrual cycles
排除标准
- •unable or unwilling to consume animal products
- •have had more than a 10% change in body weight within the past 2 months
- •are participating in a weight loss diet/exercise program
- •are consuming a specialized diet
- •currently or planning on becoming pregnant during the study timeline
- •lactating
- •have a metabolic illness/disease
- •have uncontrolled hypertension
- •have ever had cancer
- •have an infectious disease
- •suffer from alcohol or drug abuse
- •use tobacco and e-cigarette products on a regular basis
- •have the presence of acute illness
- •taking medications known to affect energy expenditure and appetite
结局指标
主要结局
Fat, carbohydrate, and protein utilization
时间窗: 4 hours after meal consumption
The effect of consuming two patterns of daily protein intake on the use of fat, carbohydrate and protein for energy.
Relative reinforcing value (RRV) of energy-dense snack foods
时间窗: 2 hours after breakfast consumption
The effect of consuming a high-protein or a low-protein breakfast on the RRV of energy-dense snack foods to a healthy snack food alternative.
次要结局
- Peripheral neurotransmitter metabolites(2 hours)
- Psychoactive Effect Questionnaire(2 hours)
- Satiety visual analog scales(4 hours after meal consumption)