Ketamine is an NMDA receptor antagonist with a potent anesthetic effect. It was developed in 1963 as a replacement for phencyclidine (PCP) by Calvin Stevens at Parke Davis Laboratories. It started being used for veterinary purposes in Belgium and in 1964 was proven that compared to PCP, it produced minor hallucinogenic effects and shorter psychotomimetic effects. It was FDA approved in 1970, and from there, it has been used as an anesthetic for children or patients undergoing minor surgeries but mainly for veterinary purposes.
Ketamine is indicated as an anesthetic agent for recommended diagnostic and surgical procedures. If skeletal muscle relaxation is needed, it should be combined with a muscle relaxant. If the surgical procedure involves visceral pain, it should be supplemented with an agent that obtunds visceral pain. Ketamine can be used for induction of anesthesia prior other general anesthetic agents and as a supplement of low potency agents.
Reports have indicated a potential use of ketamine as a therapeutic tool for the management of depression when administered in lower doses. These reports have increased the interest for ketamine in this area and several clinical trials are launched for this indication.
Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Massachusetts General Hospital, Depression Clinical and Research Program, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States
Pacific Research Partners, LLC, Oakland, California, United States
Faculty of Medicine Assuit University, Assiut, Asyut, Egypt
University Hospital, Parma, Italy
Post graduation institute of medical education and research, Chandigarh, India
Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
UAB Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden, Hessen, Germany
Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
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