Ketamine is an NMDA receptor antagonist with a potent anesthetic effect. It was developed in 1963 as a replacement for phencyclidine (PCP) by Calvin Stevens at Parke Davis Laboratories. It started being used for veterinary purposes in Belgium and in 1964 was proven that compared to PCP, it produced minor hallucinogenic effects and shorter psychotomimetic effects. It was FDA approved in 1970, and from there, it has been used as an anesthetic for children or patients undergoing minor surgeries but mainly for veterinary purposes.
Ketamine is indicated as an anesthetic agent for recommended diagnostic and surgical procedures. If skeletal muscle relaxation is needed, it should be combined with a muscle relaxant. If the surgical procedure involves visceral pain, it should be supplemented with an agent that obtunds visceral pain. Ketamine can be used for induction of anesthesia prior other general anesthetic agents and as a supplement of low potency agents.
Reports have indicated a potential use of ketamine as a therapeutic tool for the management of depression when administered in lower doses. These reports have increased the interest for ketamine in this area and several clinical trials are launched for this indication.
University of Turku, Clinical Research Services Turku CRST, Turku, Finland
University of Turku, Turku PET Centre, Turku, Finland
Qazvin university of medical science, Qazvin, Iran, Islamic Republic of
Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States
Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Çankaya, Turkey
Clinical Research Centers at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
Connecticut Mental Health Center/ YNHH, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Mulago Hospital National Refferal, surgical wards, Kampala, Uganda
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