Modafinil: A Comprehensive Pharmacological and Clinical Review

1. Introduction and Background

1.1. Overview of Modafinil

Modafinil, identified by DrugBank ID DB00745 and CAS Number 68693-11-8, is a centrally acting stimulant classified as a wakefulness-promoting agent [User Query]. Chemically, it is 2-acetamide.[1] As a small molecule drug, it has garnered significant attention for its unique pharmacological profile and therapeutic applications.

1.2. Initial Summary of Use

Modafinil is primarily utilized to improve wakefulness in adult patients experiencing excessive sleepiness associated with narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and shift work disorder (SWD).[3] These conditions are characterized by a pronounced difficulty in maintaining wakefulness, significantly impacting daily functioning and quality of life.

1.3. Historical Context and Development

The development of modafinil traces back to the 1970s in France.[5] It received its first marketing authorization in Europe (France) in June 1992.[5] In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved modafinil for the treatment of narcolepsy in 1998, subsequently expanding its indications to include OSA and SWD in 2003.[6] Modafinil is marketed under various brand names, with Provigil being one of the most widely recognized.[9]