Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, and oxycodone.
Morphine was granted FDA approval in 1941.
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
Cardiology Department, Dr. A. Jurasz University Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Kujawsko-pomorskie, Poland
American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
Centre Hospitalier Louis Pasteur, Chartres, France
Centre Hospitalier Dijon, Dijon, France
Centre Hospitalier Jean Minjoz, Besançon, France
Emergency Department, Hamad General Hospital., Doha, Qatar
university of Monastir, Monastir, Non-US/Canada, Tunisia
Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
catholic University of the sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
Antioquia University, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
Forsyth Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs Outpatient Clinical Research Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
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