Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, and oxycodone.
Morphine was granted FDA approval in 1941.
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
Johns Hopkins University Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
North Carolina Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Gang nam-Gu, Ilwon-Dong, Korea, Republic of
University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
Montreal Chest Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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