Positive Events Training to Enhance Positive Emotions in Adolescents With Elevated Depressive Symptoms: An N=1 Trial
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- Enrolling By Invitation
- 发起方
- KU Leuven
- 入组人数
- 1
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Daily-life positive emotions measured via daily diary items at baseline (adapted from Kirtley et al., 2022)
研究概览
简要总结
Research shows that high positive emotionality is an essential ingredient in building resilience in youngsters, especially those with a vulnerability to develop depressive symptomatology. It may empower youngsters against actual depression and its various long-term adverse outcomes. One way to achieve positive emotions is via the recollection and anticipation of specific positive events. Therefore, to cultivate positive emotions in young people, the researchers developed a user-friendly training program translated from basic research findings: Positive Event Training (PET). Through PET, adolescents learn to solidify positive memories and positive plans. This low-threshold program, delivered as a group training at secondary schools, was well received by adolescents in a previous project of our lab (Recalling and Anticipating Specific Positive Events to boost Resilience in Adolescents). In the context of the current study, the PET program, which normally consists of four 1-hour sessions, will be delivered in three individual sessions. The previous project at secondary schools showed that PET leads to heightened positive emotions particularly among youths with elevated depressive tendencies. This indicates that PET can offer increased resilience against depression, especially for vulnerable young individuals. In our current project, the researchers conduct a comprehensive, fine-grained evaluation of the PET program's effectiveness, delivered in an individual format, by collecting intensive data and detailed participant feedback.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Na
- 干预模型
- Single Group
- 主要目的
- Prevention
- 盲法
- None
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 12 Years 至 16 Years（Child）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 否
入选标准
- •moderate level of baseline depressive symptoms
- •must be Dutch-speaking
排除标准
- 未提供
研究组 & 干预措施
Positive Events Training (PET)
Behavioral: Positive Events Training (PET)
干预措施: Positive Events Training (PET) (Behavioral)
结局指标
主要结局
Daily-life positive emotions measured via daily diary items at baseline (adapted from Kirtley et al., 2022)
时间窗: One month (30 days) of daily diaries (3x/day) before the start of the training: Day 1a + all consecutive days until Day 30a (= day before the start of the training)
Mean value of four daily diary items (i.e., "How relaxed, content, enthusiast, good do you feel?"), rated on a 0 ("not at all") to 100 ("a lot") rating scale. Higher values represent, higher levels of positive emotions (min = 0, max = 100).
Daily-life positive emotions measured via daily diary items at post-training (adapted from Kirtley et al., 2022)
时间窗: One month (30 days) of daily diaries (3x/day) immediately after the end of the training: Day 1b = the day after the final training day + all consecutive days until Day 30b
Mean value of four daily diary items (i.e., "How relaxed, content, enthusiast, good do you feel?"), rated on a 0 ("not at all") to 100 ("a lot") rating scale. Higher values represent, higher levels of positive emotions (min = 0, max = 100).
Daily-life anhedonia measured via daily diary items at baseline (adapted from Bogaert et al., 2023)
时间窗: One month (30 days) of daily diaries (3x/day) before the start of the training: Day 1a + all consecutive days until Day 30a (= day before the start of the training)
Mean value of three daily diary items tapping into difficulties experiencing consummatory pleasure, anticipatory pleasure and motivational difficulties using a 0-100 Likert scale (0 = "not at all", 100 = "a lot"; items: "To what extent did you find it difficult to enjoy yourself?"; "To what extent did you look forward to doing enjoyable things? (reverse-scored), "Conditional: if 0-50 ("not at all - neutral"): Was this because there really weren't any enjoyable things to look forward to, or because they were there but you couldn't really look forward to them?; "How happy did you feel?" (reverse-scored)). Higher score reflects higher levels of anhedonia (min = 0, max = 100).
Daily-life anhedonia measured via daily diary items at post-training (adapted from Bogaert et al., 2023)
时间窗: One month (30 days) of daily diaries (3x/day) immediately after the end of the training: Day 1b = the day after the final training day + all consecutive days until Day 30b
Mean value of three daily diary items tapping into difficulties experiencing consummatory pleasure, anticipatory pleasure and motivational difficulties using a 0-100 Likert scale (0 = "not at all", 100 = "a lot"; items: "To what extent did you find it difficult to enjoy yourself?"; "To what extent did you look forward to doing enjoyable things? (reverse-scored), "Conditional: if 0-50 ("not at all - neutral"): Was this because there really weren't any enjoyable things to look forward to, or because they were there but you couldn't really look forward to them?; "How happy did you feel?" (reverse-scored)). Higher score reflects higher levels of anhedonia (min = 0, max = 100).
Daily-life dampening measured via daily diary items at baseline (adapted from Gérardy et al., in preparation; simplified to better fit target group of adolescents)
时间窗: One month (30 days) of daily diaries (3x/day) before the start of the training: Day 1a + all consecutive days until Day 30a (= day before the start of the training)
Mean value of four daily life items to measure mental strategies to reduce the intensity and/or frequency of positive emotions, using a 0-100 Likert scale (0 = "not at all", 100 = "a lot"; items: "To what extent did you think, "This pleasant feeling won't last"?"; "To what extent did you think, "I don't deserve to feel good"?"; To what extent did you think, "Something might go wrong that will make my good/pleasant feeling go away"?; "To what extent did you think about how difficult it would be if your good/pleasant feeling suddenly disappeared?"). Higher score reflects higher levels of dampening (min = 0, max = 100).
Daily-life dampening measured via daily diary items at post-training (adapted from Gérardy et al., in preparation; simplified to better fit target group of adolescents)
时间窗: One month (30 days) of daily diaries (3x/day) immediately after the end of the training: Day 1b = the day after the final training day + all consecutive days until Day 30b
Mean value of four daily life items to measure mental strategies to reduce the intensity and/or frequency of positive emotions, using a 0-100 Likert scale (0 = "not at all", 100 = "a lot"; items: "To what extent did you think, "This pleasant feeling won't last"?"; "To what extent did you think, "I don't deserve to feel good"?"; To what extent did you think, "Something might go wrong that will make my good/pleasant feeling go away"?; "To what extent did you think about how difficult it would be if your good/pleasant feeling suddenly disappeared?"). Higher score reflects higher levels of dampening (min = 0, max = 100).
Daily-life savoring measured via daily diary items at baseline (adapted from Gérardy et al., in preparation; simplified to better fit target group of adolescents)
时间窗: One month (30 days) of daily diaries (3x/day) before the start of the training: Day 1a + all consecutive days until Day 30a (= day before the start of the training)
Mean value of two daily life items tapping into the the engagement in attending to, appreciating and enhancing positive experiences, using a 0-100 Likert scale (0 = "not at all", 100 = "a lot"; items: "To what extent did you allow the good/pleasant feeling to be there and simply let it be?", "To what extent did you try to really focus your attention on the good/pleasant feeling in order to fully experience it and truly enjoy it?"). Higher scores reflect a higher tendency to savor (min = 0, max = 100).
Daily-life savoring measured via daily diary items at post-training (adapted from Gérardy et al., in preparation; simplified to better fit target group of adolescents)
时间窗: One month (30 days) of daily diaries (3x/day) immediately after the end of the training: Day 1b = the day after the final training day + all consecutive days until Day 30b
Mean value of two daily life items tapping into the the engagement in attending to, appreciating and enhancing positive experiences, using a 0-100 Likert scale (0 = "not at all", 100 = "a lot"; items: "To what extent did you allow the good/pleasant feeling to be there and simply let it be?", "To what extent did you try to really focus your attention on the good/pleasant feeling in order to fully experience it and truly enjoy it?"). Higher scores reflect a higher tendency to savor (min = 0, max = 100).
Daily-life emotional distress measured via daily diary items at baseline (derived from Bogaert et al., 2023)
时间窗: One month (30 days) of daily diaries (3x/day) before the start of the training: Day 1a + all consecutive days until Day 30a (= day before the start of the training)
Mean value of three daily diary items to measure anxiety, stress and depressed feelings, using a 0-100 Likert scale (0 = "not at all", 100 = "a lot"; items: "How anxious did you feel?"; "How depressed (down) did you feel?"; "How stressed did you feel?"). A higher score reflects higher levels of emotional distress (min = 0, max = 100).
Daily-life emotional distress measured via daily diary items at post-training (derived from Bogaert et al., 2023)
时间窗: One month (30 days) of daily diaries (3x/day) immediately after the end of the training: Day 1b = the day after the final training day + all consecutive days until Day 30b
Mean value of three daily diary items to measure anxiety, stress and depressed feelings, using a 0-100 Likert scale (0 = "not at all", 100 = "a lot"; items: "How anxious did you feel?"; "How depressed (down) did you feel?"; "How stressed did you feel?"). A higher score reflects higher levels of emotional distress (min = 0, max = 100).
次要结局
- Episodic future thinking features measured via the Episodic Future Thinking Test (EFT-T; Hallford et al., 2019), and single item rating scales per generated event at baseline(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey before the start of the training (= the day before Day 1a, which is the start of the daily diary assessment phase))
- Autobiographical memory features measured via the Autobiographical Memory (AM) Test (AMT; Raes, Williams, & Hermans, 2009) and single item rating scales per generated event at baseline(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey before the start of the training (= the day before Day 1a, which is the start of the daily diary assessment phase))
- Positive Affect subscale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Scales (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988) at baseline(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey before the start of the training (= the day before Day 1a, which is the start of the daily diary assessment phase))
- Leuven Anhedonia Scale (LASS, 2nd version; Nelis et al., 2018) at baseline(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey before the start of the training (= the day before Day 1a, which is the start of the daily diary assessment phase))
- Dampening measured via the Leuven Exeter Dampening Scale (LEDS, Bogaert et al., 2025) at baseline(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey before the start of the training (= the day before Day 1a, which is the start of the daily diary assessment phase))
- Savoring measured via the Savoring Subscale of the Four-Factor Model of the Abridged Ways Of Savoring Checklist (WOSC) in Response to Everyday Events (Original scale Bryant and Vernoff, 2007; Four-Factor Model Chadwick, 2012) at baseline(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey before the start of the training (= the day before Day 1a, which is the start of the daily diary assessment phase))
- Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) at baseline(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey before the start of the training (= the day before Day 1a, which is the start of the daily diary assessment phase))
- Savoring measured via the Savoring Subscale of the Four-Factor Model of the Abridged Ways Of Savoring Checklist (WOSC) in Response to Everyday Events (Original scale Bryant and Vernoff, 2007; Four-Factor Model Chadwick, 2012) at post-training(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey immediately after the end of the training (= the day after the final training session or Day 1b))
- Resilience assessed via the short version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; Campbell-Sills & Stein, 2007; Connor & Davidson, 2003; translated into Dutch by Danhof-Pont & Schrier, 2006, 2010) at baseline(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey before the start of the training (= the day before Day 1a, which is the start of the daily diary assessment phase))
- Daily-life resilience (general) measured via daily diary item at baseline(One month (30 days) of daily diaries (3x/day) before the start of the training: Day 1a + all consecutive days until Day 30a (= day before the start of the training))
- Daily-life resilience (in response to stress, using positive emotions) measured via daily diary item at baseline(One month (30 days) of daily diaries (3x/day) before the start of the training: Day 1a + all consecutive days until Day 30a (= day before the start of the training))
- Daily-life resilience (in response to stress) measured via daily diary item at baseline(One month (30 days) of daily diaries (3x/day) before the start of the training: Day 1a + all consecutive days until Day 30a (= day before the start of the training))
- Mental wellbeing measured via the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (SWEMWBS; Ikink et al., 2012; Stewart-Brown et al., 2009) at baseline(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey before the start of the training (= the day before Day 1a, which is the start of the daily diary assessment phase))
- Persistent negative thinking measured via the Persistent and Intrusive Negative Thoughts Scale (PINTS; Magson et al., 2019; 5 items) at baseline(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey before the start of the training (= the day before Day 1a, which is the start of the daily diary assessment phase))
- Common humanity measured via the "Samen mens zijn" scale (Raes & Bogaert, 2025; unpublished) at baseline(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey before the start of the training (= the day before Day 1a, which is the start of the daily diary assessment phase))
- Episodic future thinking features measured via the Episodic Future Thinking Test (EFT-T; Hallford et al., 2019), and single item rating scales per generated event at post-training(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey immediately after the end of the training (= the day after the final training session or Day 1b))
- Autobiographical memory features measured via the Autobiographical Memory (AM) Test (AMT; Raes, Williams, & Hermans, 2009) and single item rating scales per generated event at post-training(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey immediately after the end of the training (= the day after the final training session or Day 1b))
- Positive Affect subscale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Scales (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988) at post-training(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey immediately after the end of the training (= the day after the final training session or Day 1b))
- Leuven Anhedonia Scale (LASS, 2nd version; Nelis et al., 2018) at post-training(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey immediately after the end of the training (= the day after the final training session or Day 1b))
- Dampening measured via the Leuven Exeter Dampening Scale (LEDS, Bogaert et al., 2025) at post-training(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey immediately after the end of the training (= the day after the final training session or Day 1b))
- Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) at post-training(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey immediately after the end of the training (= the day after the final training session or Day 1b))
- Resilience assessed via the short version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; Campbell-Sills & Stein, 2007; Connor & Davidson, 2003; translated into Dutch by Danhof-Pont & Schrier, 2006, 2010) at post-training(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey immediately after the end of the training (= the day after the final training session or Day 1b))
- Daily-life resilience (general) measured via daily diary item at post-training(One month (30 days) of daily diaries (3x/day) immediately after the end of the training: Day 1b = the day after the final training day + all consecutive days until Day 30b)
- Daily-life resilience (in response to stress, using positive emotions) measured via daily diary item at post-training(One month (30 days) of daily diaries (3x/day) immediately after the end of the training: Day 1b = the day after the final training day + all consecutive days until Day 30b)
- Daily-life resilience (in response to stress) measured via daily diary item at post-training(One month (30 days) of daily diaries (3x/day) immediately after the end of the training: Day 1b = the day after the final training day + all consecutive days until Day 30b)
- Mental wellbeing measured via the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (SWEMWBS; Ikink et al., 2012; Stewart-Brown et al., 2009) at post-training(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey immediately after the end of the training (= the day after the final training session or Day 1b))
- Persistent negative thinking measured via the Persistent and Intrusive Negative Thoughts Scale (PINTS; Magson et al., 2019; 5 items) at post-training(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey immediately after the end of the training (= the day after the final training session or Day 1b))
- Common humanity measured via the "Samen mens zijn" scale (Raes & Bogaert, 2025; unpublished) at post-training(Single timepoint, participants are invited to complete the survey immediately after the end of the training (= the day after the final training session or Day 1b))