Isolating & Exploiting the Mechanisms That Link Breakfast to Human Health - Acute
- Conditions
- Postprandial MetabolismAppetite
- Interventions
- Other: Carbohydrate rich breakfastDietary Supplement: Whey protein enriched breakfast
- Registration Number
- NCT03866720
- Lead Sponsor
- University of Bath
- Brief Summary
Following the establishment of causal links between breakfast consumption, the individual components of energy balance, and health it is now important to examine and target the underlying biological mechanisms involved to maximise potential health benefits.
To begin investigating the outlined mechanisms healthy, non-obese participants will be recruited to take part in phase I (acute crossover design) of a wider project.
- Detailed Description
Causal links between breakfast consumption, the individual components of energy balance, and health have recently been established and it is now important to examine and target the underlying biological mechanisms involved to maximised potential health benefits.
Specifically, the substitution of a portion of carbohydrate for protein at breakfast may enhance the potential health benefits of breakfast through targeting distinct mechanistic pathways. Broadly, introducing a greater protein load at breakfast increases insulin secretion and delays gastric emptying, thereby eliciting a potentiated insulin response. In turn this may therefore improve glucose tolerance during a subsequent meal. Additionally, maintenance of euglycaemia following breakfast consumption, coupled with the thermic effect of feeding protein may accentuate the elevated energy expenditure following breakfast observed in previous studies. Finally, both the physical and chemical properties of protein exert a marked satiating effect. Collectively, these mechanisms could interact to maximise the net impact of breakfast on energy balance and associated health outcomes. However, whilst the evidence indicates obvious benefits of feeding a higher protein dose at breakfast, relatively little research has focused on the response to protein over multiple meals/days. Furthermore, and importantly, the mechanisms involved in the second-meal phenomenon and the potential for initial meals of varied composition to target these mechanisms have never been systematically investigated.
To begin investigating the outlined mechanisms healthy, non-obese participants will be recruited to take part a randomised crossover trial that will contrast the acute metabolic responses to a protein-enriched breakfast, with a carbohydrate rich breakfast, and the total omission of breakfast.
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- COMPLETED
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 12
- Body mass index 18.5-29.9 kg∙m-2
- Age 18-65 years
- Able and willing to provide informed consent and safely comply with study procedures
- Females to maintain record of regular menstrual cycle phase or contraceptive use
- No anticipated changes in diet/physical activity during the study (e.g. holidays or diet plans)
- Inclusive to all breakfast habits (e.g. regular skipper / consumer)
- Any reported condition or behaviour deemed either to pose undue personal risk to the participant or introduce bias
- Any diagnosed metabolic disease (e.g. type 1 or type 2 diabetes)
- Any reported use of substances which may pose undue personal risk to the participants or introduce bias into the experiment (e.g. smoking/substance abuse)
- Lifestyle not conforming to standard sleep-wake cycle (e.g. shift worker)
- Any reported recent (<6 months) change in body mass (± 3%)
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- CROSSOVER
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description Carbohydrate rich breakfast Carbohydrate rich breakfast Participants will consume a porridge breakfast that is considered in line with typical carbohydrate consumption for this meal. Whey protein enriched breakfast Whey protein enriched breakfast Participants will consume a porridge breakfast that is considered in line with typical carbohydrate consumption for this meal.
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Postprandial glycaemia following breakfast Plasma glucose time course data over 3 hours following breakfast The postprandial time course response of plasma glucose to each breakfast meal
Postprandial insulinaemia following ad libitum lunch Plasma insulin time course data over 2 hours following lunch The postprandial time course response of plasma insulin to the ad libitum lunch following each type of breakfast
Postprandial insulinaemia following breakfast Plasma insulin time course data over 3 hours following breakfast The postprandial time course response of plasma insulin to each breakfast meal
Postprandial glycaemia following ad libitum lunch Plasma glucose time course data over 2 hours following lunch The postprandial time course response of Plasma glucose to the ad libitum lunch following each type of breakfast
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Postprandial incretin hormone response following ad libitum lunch Plasma incretin time course data over 3 hours following breakfast The postprandial time course response of plasma incretin hormones (e.g. GLP-1 \& GIP) to the ad libitum lunch following each type of breakfast
Fuel oxidation following ad libitum lunch For 2 hours following the ad libitum lunch Fat and carbohydrate oxidation following ad libitum lunch
Postprandial incretin hormone response following breakfast Plasma insulin time course data over 3 hours following breakfast The postprandial time course response of plasma incretin hormones (e.g. GLP-1 \& GIP) to the each breakfast.
Subjective appetite ratings following breakfast For 3 hours following each breakfast Ratings of appetite provided on subjective appetite scales following each type of breakfast. On a scale of 0-100mm with 0 typically being associated with lower subjective ratings and 100 being associated with higher subjective ratings.
Subjective appetite ratings following ad libitum lunch For 3 hours following the ad libitum lunch Ratings of appetite provided on subjective appetite scales following ad libitum lunch. On a scale of 0-100mm with 0 typically being associated with lower subjective ratings and 100 being associated with higher subjective ratings.
Fuel oxidation following breakfast For 3 hours following breakfast Fat and carbohydrate oxidation following each type of breakfast
Trial Locations
- Locations (1)
University of Bath
🇬🇧Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
University of Bath🇬🇧Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom