Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, and oxycodone.
Morphine was granted FDA approval in 1941.
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
CHU Ste. Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Assiut University, Assiut, Iorg0006563, Egypt
Ozlem Korkmaz Dilmen, Istanbul, Turkey
Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Cardiology Department, Chinese Armed Police Force Genral Hospital, Beijing China, Beijing, China
Childrens National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Service ORL - CHU NANCY, Nancy, France
Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
Hospital Clínic i Provincial de Barcelona, Barcelona, Cataluña, Spain
Hospital Comarcal de la Axarquía, Málaga, Andalucía, Spain
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