Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, and oxycodone.
Morphine was granted FDA approval in 1941.
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
Investigational Site, San Antonio, Texas, United States
Investigational site, Pasadena, Maryland, United States
Department of Gastroenterology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
Thitima Chinachot, Bangkok, Thailand
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Pfizer Investigational Site, Bruxelles, Belgium
Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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