Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, and oxycodone.
Morphine was granted FDA approval in 1941.
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
CRI Lifetree (Lifetree Clinical Research), Salt Lake, Utah, United States
CRI Lifetree, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Vince and Associates Clinical Research, Inc., Overland Park, Kansas, United States
University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
Department of Anesthesiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States
Almirante Nef Naval Hospital, Viña del Mar, Valparaiso, Chile
Corporacion Parc Tauli, Sabadell, Sabadell-barcelona, Spain
Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Multimedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova Azienda Ospedaliera, Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy
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