A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at kappa opioid receptors and an antagonist or partial agonist at mu opioid receptors. Nalbuphine is the only opioid analgesic that is not a controlled substance in the United States.
For the relief of moderate to severe pain.
The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
Anhui Province Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
faculty of medicine, Zagazig university, Zagazig, Elsharqya, Egypt
Samar Rafik Amin, Banhā, Qalubia, Egypt
Omar Soliman, Assiut, Assuit, Egypt
Assiut university hospital, Assiut, Egypt
Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Shebin El-kom, Egypt
Olfat Abd Elmoniem Ibrahem Amin, Zagazig, Eygpt/zagazig, Egypt
Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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