Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorp...
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
Al-Zahra University Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, Islamic Republic of
NKI-AvL, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
Research Site, Overland Park, Kansas, United States
University of Oradea, Pelican Clinic Hospital, Oradea, Bihor, Romania
Faculty of Medicine, Tantan University Hospital, Tanta, Egypt
Puerto Rico Medical Center - University District Hospital, San Juan, Puerto Rico
Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine,Renji Hospital, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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