Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, and oxycodone.
Morphine was granted FDA approval in 1941.
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
Department of Cardiology, Bydgoszcz, Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Poland
Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Altasciences Clinical Kansas, Inc., Overland Park, Kansas, United States
Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef university, Banī Suwayf, Egypt
Health insurance hospital, Banī Suwayf, Egypt
Faculty of medicine, Beni-suef univeristy - Beni-Seuf university hospital, Banī Suwayf, Egypt
María Teresa Fernandez, Valladolid, Castilla Y León, Spain
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