Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, and oxycodone.
Morphine was granted FDA approval in 1941.
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
Department of anesthesia and pain medicine. National Cancer Institute, Cairo, Egypt
University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, United States
University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
West Virginia University Hospital, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
Vidant Medical Center ED, Greenville, North Carolina, United States
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
Mech-Sense, Medicinsk Gastroenterologisk ambulatorium, Medicineshus, Aalborg Universitetshospitalet,, AAlborg, Nordjylland, Denmark
CHU de Nimes, Nîmes, France
Clinical site 015, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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