Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, and oxycodone.
Morphine was granted FDA approval in 1941.
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Rochester Methodist Hospital, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, United States
University Hospital, Rouen, Haute Normandie, France
Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
Regions Hospital, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States
A.O. Universitaria Parma, Parma, Italia, Italy
Ospedale di Piacenza, Piacenza, Italy
Ospedale Magati, Scandiano, Italia, Italy
University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
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