Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorp...
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
University Hospital / Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Parma, PR, Italy
University Hospital / Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Parma, PR, Italy
Albert Einstein College of Medicine / General Clinical Research Center, Bronx, New York, United States
Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
U H Toulouse Samu 31, Toulouse, France
Oxford Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
Pain Setor of Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
LBJ General Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
The Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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