Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorp...
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
Spectrum Health Lakeland, Saint Joseph, Michigan, United States
Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
The Orthopedic Center, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
Sun City Clinical Research, Sun City, Arizona, United States
Trovare Clinical Research, Bakersfield, California, United States
Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
Yonsei University Health System, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
Fouad Soliman, Sohag, Egypt
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