Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, and oxycodone.
Morphine was granted FDA approval in 1941.
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States
Azienda USL Toscana Centro U.O. Centrale Operativa 118, Pistoia, Italy
ATS (Azienda tutela Salute)_Struttura Complessa Centrale Operativa 118, Sassari, SS, Italy
Medicina e Chirurgia di accettazione e di urgenza Humanitas Gradenigo - Presidio Sanitario, Torino, TO, Italy
Department of Anesthesia and Pain medicine.National Cancer Institute, Cairo, Egypt
M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
Zealand University Hospital, Department of Anaesthesiology, Roskilde, Denmark
Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, department of Emergency Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
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