Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorp...
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
AltaSciences, Overland Park, Kansas, United States
Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Sackler faculty of medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel, Tel Aviv, Israel
The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
Anhui Province Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Rajavithi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
Johns Hopkins University Bayview Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
Tolan Park Medical Building, Detroit, Michigan, United States
Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
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