Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, and oxycodone.
Morphine was granted FDA approval in 1941.
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
Lotus Clinical Research, LLC, Pasadena, California, United States
Epic Medical Research, Murray, Utah, United States
Karina de Sousa, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
La Roche sur Yon Hospital, La Roche sur Yon, France
Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, Thailand
Emad Zarief Kamel Said, Assiut, Egypt
The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States
Çukurova University Balcalı Hospital, Adana, Turkey
Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States
Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Everard, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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